Frequency Of Eye Problems In Type 2 Diabetes With Chronic Kidney Disease

Chronic kidney disease is a descriptive term and is used for deteriorating kidney function of any underlying cause. Chronic kidney disease implies longstanding (>3 months), potentially progressive, impairment in renal function.(Kumar & Clark's ., 2016).

Diabetes mellitus is the most common cause of chronic kidney disease in developed countries. In patients with diabetes, there is a steady advance from microalbuminuria to dipstick positive proteinuria and a progression to renal failure. (Davidson's.,2014) .The most commonly diagnosed diabetes-related complications is diabetic retinopathy. Its prevalence increases with the duration of diabetes. Some 20%of people with type 1 diabetes will have retinal changes after 10 years, rising to >95% after20 years; 20-30% of people with type 2 diabetes have retinopathy at diagnosis.(Kumar & Clark's ., 2016) .

Also from risk factors of diabetic retinopathy is nephropathy, and if severe, is associated with worsening of Diabetic retinopathy. Conversely, treatment of renal disease (e.g. renal transplantation) may be associated with improvement of retinopathy and a better response to photocoagulation.(Kanaski ,2016) The high burden of ocular disease in Chronic kidney disease can be explained, in part, by the sharing of risk factors common to both kidney and eye diseases such as age, smoking, hypertension, diabetes, raised serum cholesterol and obesity. Ocular diseases may also be directly linked to chronic kidney disease via common pathogenic pathways, including, atherosclerosis, microangiopathy, inflammation and oxidative stress (Wong et al., 2014).

In our study we seek to do the following for participants :

1. A detailed history including