Effect of Consumption of Non-starchy Vegetables on Weight Status of Overweight and Obese University Population

Obesity is an increasingly urgent public health challenge in both developed and developing countries. Since 1990, the global prevalence of adult obesity has more than doubled. By 2022, an alarming 2.5 billion adults (aged 18 years and older) were classified as overweight, with 890 million of them living with obesity (WHO, 2023). The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that one in eight people worldwide now lives with obesity, which is linked to a variety of negative health outcomes, including increased risks for chronic diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular conditions.

In Pakistan, the situation is equally concerning, with 30% of the adult population being either overweight or obese. More specifically, 21% of adults are classified as overweight, and 9% are considered obese. Non-communicable diseases (NCDs), such as heart disease, stroke, and diabetes, are now responsible for 58% of all deaths in the country. Overweight and obesity are particularly prevalent among young adults, whose sedentary lifestyle and poor dietary habits, including increased consumption of fast food and decreased vegetable intake, contribute significantly to weight gain. University students and staff in Pakistan are also heavily affected, with the prevalence of central obesity reaching 31.4% in males and 46% in females. In fact, 16% of Pakistani females and 30.5% of males have a BMI greater than or equal to 25 kg/m², as per local South Asian BMI cut-off points (Khan et al., 2016).

The WHO expert consultation in 2002 recommended lowering the BMI cut-off points for Asians to better address obesity-related public health concerns in the region, suggesting that a BMI of 23-27.5 kg/m² be classified as overweight, and a BMI of ≥27.5 kg/m² be categorized as obese (WHO, 2004). Given these statistics, there is a pressing need to identify effective, culturally appropriate interventions to combat obesity, particularly among university populations.

One promising intervention is increasing the intake of non-starchy vegetables, which are rich in nutrients and low in calories. WHO guidelines recommend daily consumption of non-starchy vegetables to aid weight management by improving overall diet quality, reducing fat mass, and lowering BMI. Research has shown that increasing vegetable consumption can help reduce body weight and fat mass, particularly in overweight and obese individuals.

This study aims to evaluate the effects of increasing daily non-starchy vegetable consumption on the weight, BMI, and fat mass of overweight and obese individuals in a university setting. A randomized controlled trial (RCT) will be conducted at the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences (UVAS) in Lahore, Pakistan, involving students, teaching staff, and non-teaching staff who meet the inclusion criteria of a BMI ≥23 kg/m² based on South Asian cut-off points (Mahajan and Batra, 2018). A total of 40 participants will be randomly assigned to one of two groups: an intervention group and a control group, with 20 participants in each group.