Impact of Simulator-based Training in Transoesophageal Echocardiography

Background

Echocardiography is currently the sole imaging modality at the bedside that provides real-time information on cardiac anatomy and function. Echocardiography is increasingly used in the intensive care unit (ICU) setting for the focussed hemodynamic assessment of patients with cardiorespiratory compromise. The principal role for focussed echocardiography is the time-sensitive assessment of the symptomatic patient. This evaluation primarily includes the assessment for pericardial effusion, the evaluation of relative chamber size, global cardiac and valvular function and patient volume status. The clinical impact of echocardiography for the treatment of critically ill patients with hemodynamic compromise is well documented and increasing general consensus exists, that all physicians in charge of critically ill patients should be trained in focussed echocardiography. Accordingly there is an urgent need for specific training in echocardiography.

Transoesophageal echocardiography (TOE) is besides transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) the main imaging modality in the ICU setting. TTE image quality is often compromised by lung inflation in ventilated patients or by the presence of dressings or drains in locations used for image acquisition. It thus seems reasonable to suggest that every critical care physician should be able to perform a focused TOE. However, a multitude of barriers continue to limit TOE training including time constraints in busy ICUs, limited number of appropriate cases and a lack of experienced teaching faculty. Proficiency in TOE image acquisition requires in-depth knowledge of three-dimensional cardiac anatomy and repetitive supervised hands-on experience to develop the necessary manual skills. Typically TOE skill acquisition occurs in real time in the ICU while caring for a patient, thus the time that can be devoted to training is limited. However, using a semi-invasive imaging modality in ICU patients for training solely for training purposes is problematic due to the associated (minimal) risks and patient discomfort. Recently commercially available TOE simulation systems have been introduced. These systems allow for patient-independent training of TOE skills using simulations of the human heart. When used as an educational adjunct standardized TOE simulation training in a virtual reality environment may lead to a more rapid development of psychomotor skills. TOE simulators also offer the possibility to simulate pathological conditions of the heart and thus may facilitate training in image interpretation.

The purpose of this study is to determine the effectiveness of a simulator based TOE training curriculum to train all necessary components of focused critical care echocardiography in accordance with the basic perioperative transesophageal examination as defined by the American Society of Echocardiography and the Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists. This includes the psychomotor skills necessary for obtaining echocardiographic images of sufficient quality according to established quality scoring systems and the ability of recognizing the relevant anatomic structures as well as image interpretation when evaluating a hemodynamically compromised patient.

Objective