Effect of a Complementary Food Supplement on Growth and Morbidity of Ghanaian Infants (6 to 18 Months)

The current study is a cluster randomized single blind intervention design study with three study arms that aimed to examine the effect of providing a macro- and micro-nutrient fortified complementary food supplement (KokoPlus) for a period of 12 months (starting at 6 months of age) on growth and nutritional status of Ghanaian infants at 18 months of age. KokoPlus was formulated using linear programming methodology based on formative and market analysis research findings.

The subjects in this cluster-randomized trial are from communities in three districts of the Central region in Ghana with high rates of moderate and severe acute malnutrition. A total of 38 communities will be randomly assigned to one of three groups using block randomization and another 11 (randomly selected) will be followed cross sectionally as part of a fourth/non intervention group (growth monitoring).

The total sample size is 1204. Sample size calculations were based on two outcome measures: expected reduction in diarrheal morbidity and growth (improvements in height-for-age). Sample size estimates for detecting a 0.5 cm change in height in children provided a caloric and non caloric micronutrient supplement using a design effect of 2, power of 0.80, alpha of 0.05 and assuming an attrition rate of 15%, the required sample size per group was 301.

Mother-infant pairs will be recruited between infant age of 0 to 3 months to participate in monthly nutrition educations sessions and to encourage the women to continue exclusive breast feeding across all three groups. At 6 months of age, infants in each of the three groups were enrolled into the intervention study (upon receipt of informed consent). Data collection involves baseline, midline and endline measurements in the infants at 6, 12 and 18 months of age. In addition, participating mother-infant pairs will be visited weekly for delivery of the supplements and for morbidity monitoring and monthly for the measurement of anthropometry. Anthropometric measurements include: length (Infant/Child Shorr Height Board; Weigh and Measure, LLC ), weight (Seca 874 digital scale ), mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) (Child MUAC Tape; Weigh and Measure, LLC), subscapular and triceps skinfolds (Holtain skinfold caliper ),head and chest circumference.

Data collection at baseline, midline and endline included one venous sample (3ml) from the infant, HemoCue (Model 301) measurement to assess severe anemia (7 <g/dl) with appropriate referrals as mentioned earlier. Ethylenediaminetetracetic acid (EDTA) Vacutainers (BD ; catalog number 368841) for whole blood and plasma analyses and Trace Element Serum Separator Tube Vacutainers (BD; catalog number 368380) for serum analyses will be used for the sample collection with butterfly needles (21 or 23 gauge). Samples will be immediately placed in a super cooler tube rack and transported back to the lab within five hours where they were processed immediately. Questionnaires will be administered to assess socio-economic status, infant and young child feeding practices, morbidity (past week), household food security along with a 24 hour diet recall. Data was uploaded daily through cellular network, stored on Formhub and then Ona organization servers.