Bioavailability and Beneficial Properties of Espresso Coffee and Confectionery Derived Coffee Bioactive Compounds

A human bioavailability study will be carried out to achieve the above-described goals. The human intervention study will consist of a short-term randomized cross-over trial, addressed at measuring the daily mean concentrations of each coffee/cocoa-derived circulating metabolite (CCDCM) for the four main groups of coffee/cocoa phytochemicals (methylxanthines, trigonelline, phenolics, diterpenes). On the basis of different patterns of consumption, this free-living study (although some minimal dietary restrictions will be provided two days before sampling times) will also take into consideration the effects of repeated doses on the bioavailability of coffee/cocoa bioactives.

The study will follow a repeat-dose, 3-arm, cross-over design. This design has been chosen according to ILSI's guidelines for intervention trials with dietary products.

Subjects were assigned to consume the following treatments in a random order for 1 month:

1. 1 cup of espresso coffee/day ("low consumers") at 9.00 A.M.
2. 3 cups of espresso coffee/day ("high consumers") at 9.00 A.M., 12.00 P.M.noon and 3.00 P.M.
3. 1 cup of espresso coffee at breakfast 9.00 A.M. and 2 cocoa-based products containing coffee two times per day (at 12.00 P.M.noon and 3.00 P.M.). The group will be named "medium consumers", considering the caffeine content of the cocoa-based products containing coffee.

Minimal recommendations to avoid other sources of coffee/cocoa phytochemicals besides what introduced through the assigned treatment, and to standardise the time of coffee consumption, will be provided for the two days prior to each sampling day and on the sampling day. Dinner timing and composition will also be standardised the day before the sampling day. Only water could be drunk during the night. At the sampling day (i.e. the last day of each intervention period), the subjects will refer in the morning at the ambulatory where fasting baseline blood and urine samples will be collected. Then, low and high consumers will drink one or three cups of espresso coffee, respectively (without sugar, sweeteners, and milk for the first coffee; with 5 g of sugar for the last two coffees), while medium consumers will drink a cup of espresso coffee and 2 cocoa-based products containing coffee twice during the day, following the above-described timing. After ingestion of the first coffee together with a phytochemical-free breakfast (a pastry), blood and urine samples will be collected at selected time points along the following 24-h. Five hours after the consumption of the first coffee, participants will receive a standardised mixed meal (sandwich with ham and cheese) free of coffee/cocoa phytochemical-related compounds. Water will be available ad libitum. Twenty-four hours after receiving the treatment, blood and urine samples will also be taken in order to assess return to baseline. In addition, anthropometric characteristics and blood pressure (BP) will be measured.