Change in Cognition and Frailty After Shunt Surgery in Idiopathic Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus (iNPH)

Frailty is a consequence of cumulative decline in many physiological systems during a lifetime and implies an increased vulnerability to poor resolution of homoeostasis after a stressor event. Frailty is emerging as an important risk factor for mortality and postoperative complications but has to a limited degree been studied in iNPH.

The investigators have previously, in a cross-sectional design, described cognitive profile and frailty status in patients with iNPH accepted for shunt surgery at Oslo University Hospital. The aims of this longitudinal follow-up of the same patient cohort are twofold:

1. to describe changes in cognitive profile and frailty from pre shunt to one year after the shunt surgery, and
2. to identify clinical predictors of an improvement in terms of cognition and frailty during the same period.

The patient sample consists of 276 patients that were accepted for shunt surgery at Oslo University Hospital in the period from September 2018 to December 2023. Their mean age was 73.1 years (range 52-85), 61% were men, and their mean length of education was 12.5 years.

For frailty, the investigators used a 35 items Frailty Index (FI). Most of the items (frailty indicators) are scored 0 (not present) or 1 (present), while some of them have a graded score. The index is the sum score divided by the number of items, varying from 0.0 (no frailty) to 1.0 (extreme frailty). The investigators used the same approach for assessment of the degree of frailty within each frailty domain. Cognitive decline is considered as one component of frailty. Accordingly, the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) is part of the FI and has a graded score. MMSE sum score <21 gives a score of 1 at this particular FI item, an MMSE score of 21-23 gives an item score of 0.7, an MMSE score of 24-26 gives an item score of 0.3, whereas an MMSE score of 27-30 does not contribute to the FI. MMSE is a screening test covering several cognitive domains. The investigators will use MMSE to evaluate the cognitive dimension of frailty as described here, whereas more specific cognitive tests are utilised to assess failure in particular cognitive domains.