The Effects of Short-term Motivational Factors and Calisthenic Exercise on Blood Cortisol Levels, and Symptoms of Depression, Anxiety, and Stress in Young Adults

Stress-related mental health problems such as depression, anxiety, and stress are common among young adults and are often linked to both psychological and physiological changes in the body. One of the key biological markers of stress is cortisol, a hormone released in response to stress. Elevated cortisol levels over time may negatively affect both mental and physical health. Although regular physical activity and relaxation-based approaches are known to reduce stress, it is not yet clear whether short-term, easily applicable interventions can produce measurable benefits, especially when motivational strategies and exercise are combined.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of short-term motivational factors and a single session of calisthenic exercise on blood cortisol levels and symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress in young adults. Motivational factors in this study include group-based activities, diaphragmatic breathing, and stretching exercises, which are designed to increase engagement and relaxation without requiring intense physical effort. Calisthenic exercise refers to bodyweight-based movements that can be performed without special equipment and are accessible to most individuals.

This randomized controlled trial compares three groups: one group receiving motivational factors followed by a single session of calisthenic exercise, a second group receiving motivational factors only, and a control group receiving no intervention. By measuring blood cortisol levels and self-reported symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress before and after the intervention, the study aims to determine whether these short-term interventions can lead to meaningful psychological and physiological improvements.

The main question this study seeks to answer is whether a brief, single-session intervention combining motivational strategies and calisthenic exercise is more effective than motivational strategies alone or no intervention in reducing stress hormone levels and psychological distress in young adults. Additionally, the study explores whether lifestyle and sociodemographic factors, such as exercise habits, sleep patterns, and perceived economic status, are associated with cortisol levels.

The findings of this study may help identify simple, low-cost, and time-efficient approaches that can be used to support stress management and mental well-being in young adult populations, particularly in university settings.