The Influence of Heart Rate Reduction Upon Central Arterial Pressure in Younger and Older Healthy Individuals

Participants will undergo three days of laboratory testing, each visit separated by at least seven days.

In order to assess each potential participant's suitability for the study based upon the relevant inclusion and exclusion criteria, the first visit will involve a medical consultation (history and physical examination), venepuncture (for full blood examination, lipid profile and biochemistry) and a 12-lead surface electrocardiogram. Baseline measurements of central and peripheral arterial and pulse wave velocity will be made at baseline, and 4 hours following the administration of either placebo, 50mg of metoprolol or a 10mg oral dose of ivabradine. The placebo will contain lactose powder.

Subjects will be randomized according to a 3-by-3 Latin square design. Central pulse pressure will be assessed using carotid artery tonometry using a non-invasive Millar Mikro-tip pressure transducer. The transducer is used to applanate the carotid artery and calibrated using brachial mean and diastolic blood pressure (automated oscillometric sphygmomanometer).

Pressure waveforms will also be recorded at the radial, brachial and femoral arteries to permit study of wave reflection at these sites.

Measurements will be taken be taken before and 4 hours following the oral administration of metoprolol/ivabradine/placebo.