Prevalence of foot deformity and associated with BMI(Body Mass Index) among university students.

Body mass index (BMI) was calculated using body weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared and classified as underweight, normal, overweight, or obese according to World Health Organization guidelines. Hallux valgus was assessed using a goniometer by placing the fulcrum at the metatarsophalangeal joint, with the arms aligned along the first metatarsal and proximal phalanx of the hallux, and the severity of deformity was categorized as mild, moderate, or severe based on the measured angle. Hammer toe deformity was evaluated by measuring flexion at the proximal interphalangeal joint, where excessive flexion beyond the normal range indicated the presence of deformity. Foot posture was assessed using the Foot Posture Index (FPI-6), a validated tool that classifies the foot as supinated, neutral, or pronated based on observable criteria. The degree of foot posture abnormality ranged from highly supinated to highly pronated according to the total score. Foot-related pain, functional limitation, and walking ability were further assessed using the Foot Function Index, which measures the impact of foot problems on daily activities.