Supporting Antibiotic Stewardship in Primary Care Via Point-of-care Testing (POCT) for Acute Respiratory Tract Infections: An Interventional Study

In the first ASPIRE study, in which the POC test was taken after the consultation, 20 participants produced results in the ratio 10:7:3 (negative, bacterial, viral) with a 75% agreement to the antibiotic prescription given by the physician following face-to-face consultation. The observational ASPIRE I Study identified the need for a rapid POC test and highlighted areas in which the test could have been used to prevent over-prescribing of antibiotics when ARI's are identified as viral. The FebriDx POC test was also useful in identifying instances where antibiotics were not prescribed, when a bacterial infection is presented, proving an effective decision-making tool for antibiotic stewardship.

Antibiotic stewardship is fast becoming an essential measure to improve antibiotic prescribing by clinicians. Antibiotic stewardship not only presents a cost-effective strategy for the NHS but addressed the issue of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and protects patients from harm caused by unnecessary antibiotic use.

The economic costs of antibiotic resistance are largely unknown, but it is anticipated that with an increased number of cases, effects to the economy could be severe. Infections and infectious diseases cost England & Wales an estimated £30 billion a year, with many cases of acute respiratory infections (Chaplin, 2017). POC diagnostic tests in a clinical setting could give clinicians the ability to distinguish between microbial and viral infections, providing a more informed decision to antibiotic prescribing.

The purpose of this study is to build upon data generated by the ASPIRE study that determined by retrospective evaluation, that a POC immunoassay can accurately be used to guide clinician's prescription decision. The ASPIRE 2 study will use the POC assay as an interventional decision tool prior to the GP's consultation of a suspected acute respiratory infection (ARI).

Upon clinical assessment, the current clinical practice prescribes antibiotics based on symptoms reported by the patient and a subjective review by the GP. This results in antibiotics being prescribed from an informed decision made by the clinician, based only from patient symptoms. The use of a dual marker immunoassay could guide informed decisions based on qualitative data and degree of infection using POC testing in Primary Care.