The Application of 3DSlicer Technology in Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy Surgery.

Objectives: Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) has become a widely used technique for managing renal calculi. However, the rate of residual stones remains high. Accurate preoperative assessment of the individual's renal collecting system anatomy and strategic planning of access pathways are essential for improving stone-free outcomes. This study investigated whether characteristics of the target calyx can predict stone clearance through a distinct puncture calyx and developed a model to estimate the risk of residual stones in the target calyx.

Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of patients who underwent PCNL in the urology department of our center between January 2023 and June 2025, in whom the puncture calyx differed from the target calyx (67 cases with complete stone clearance and 38 cases with residual stones). Three-dimensional reconstructions of the renal collecting system and calculi were generated from preoperative urinary tract CT scans, and spatial parameters were obtained from these models. Patient and stone characteristics were combined with 3D-derived variables for binary logistic regression to identify predictive factors and construct nomograms. Model performance was assessed using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) and calibration curves, while clinical utility was evaluated through decision curve analysis (DCA). The Youden index was applied to determine the optimal cutoff value.