Biomechanical and Radiostereometric Analysis of the GMK Sphere Primary Total Knee Replacement. A Randomized, Double Blind Comparison of Anatomical Versus Mechanical Alignment in Total Knee Replacement.

Problem to be addressed Knee osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease that is very prevalent in the general population and can cause significant functional impairment. Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is the definitive treatment of choice, but rarely accomplishes complete restoration of natural knee biomechanics. Various factors may influence post-operative function: pre-operative state of the knee, patient age, implant position, and design. The natural lower limb anatomy presents a femoral joint surface that is slightly valgus according to its mechanical axis (1-5 degrees) and a tibial joint surface that is slightly varus (1-4 degrees). This combination results in an oblique joint line orientation (1-3 degrees) and a mechanical axis passing near the centre of the knee joint (line between the centre of the femoral head and the centre of the ankle). Natural lower limb alignment helps balancing load between the internal and external knee compartments at heel strike. Current practice in orthopedics is to recommend TKA implantation with the femoral and tibial components perpendicular to their mechanical axis (0 degrees). In addition, in order to maintain ligament balance (a rectangular space) in flexion, external rotation of the femoral implant is suggested (2-5 degrees according to posterior femoral condyle surfaces). Therefore, current surgical technique does not replicate natural knee anatomy and biomechanics. An alternative alignment method that attempts to replicate the kinematics of the knee is " kinematic alignment ". The principle behind kinematic alignment is placement of the TKA components so that the orthogonal 3-D orientation of the 3 axes that describe normal knee kinematics is restored to that of the prearthritic knee. Theoretical benefits of kinematic alignment include less ligamentous release to balance the knee intra-operatively, more rapid recovery, better range of motion (ROM), less post-operative pain, better knee biomechanics, and improved patient satisfaction. However, a major concern is that there are no mid- or long-term data on implant survivorship (absence of loosening) in TKA based on "anatomical" implantation. Because the anatomical alignment differs from the classic mechanical alignment, some authors raised concerns regarding mid-term implant stability with the anatomical implantation technique.

We propose to compare the clinical results of TKA implanted with mechanical alignment (standard practice) to kinematic alignment, in a double-blind, randomized trial. To standardize surgical technique and minimize potential bias, both procedures will be undertaken with personalized instruments built by Medacta, based on each patient's CT-scan.

There are 2 primary objectives of this research. First, implant stability with respect to bone will be measured over time by RSA, and long-term survivorship will be estimated. Second, we will determine if anatomical implantation provides clinical advantages, with respect to knee kinematic analysis, functional performance tests and validated self-reported questionnaires on pain, function and stiffness.

Radiostereometric analysis (RSA) RSA, first developed in Lund, Sweden, is a radiographic technique for accurately assessing implant position relative to host bone. RSA is the gold standard for measuring implant stability in the short-term and predicting implant survivorship in the long-term. It has been implemented for several decades and its safety is well documented. RSA is 10 times more accurate than conventional radiography in analyzing implant migration patterns. Patterns of micromigration exhibited by various prostheses and fixation techniques within the first post-operative year has been shown to predict long-term component fixation to bone.

Knee biomechanical evaluation Estimating the therapeutic efficacy of knee TKA is subjective in current clinical practice because methods of functional biomechanics assessment are complex and difficult to apply. It was suggested that gait measurements should be monitored after surgery for patients with knee osteoarthritis (OA) to evaluate treatment outcome and recovery. KneeKGTM (Emovi Inc., Laval, Quebec, Canada), a simple and minimally-invasive method of measuring 3D knee kinematics, has been developed and is now available commercially. In this system, motion sensors are quasi-rigidly attached to the leg with a non-invasive ancillary system, which reduces errors in skin movement in relation to bone. This measurement tool has been validated by satisfactory assessment of its accuracy and the reproducibility of femoro-tibial 3D kinematics during gait.