Evaluation of Tissue Changes Via Ultrasound After Complex Decongestive Therapy Phase I for Breast Cancer Related Lymphedema

Lymphedema can be defined as the abnormal accumulation of protein-rich interstitial fluid that occurs primarily as a consequence of malformation, dysplasia, or acquired disruption of lymphatic circulation. Lymph stasis, which results in peripheral lymphedema, is characterized by edema and adipose tissue proliferation. As a vicious cycle of lymphedema progression, lymph stasis stimulates chronic inflammation because of uncontrolled responses of macrophages and CD4+ (cluster of differentiation 4) cells; fat accumulation also causes chronic inflammation by infiltration and activation of macrophages that produce inflammatory cytokines, which further promote lymph stasis directly or indirectly by decreasing lymphatic pumping and increasing capillary filtration. Lymphedema secondary to breast cancer is caused by the disruption of the lymphatic system, which in the initial stages leads to the accumulation of fluid in the interstitial tissue space and eventually is clinically presented as swelling of the arm, shoulder, neck, or torso. Complex decongestive physical therapy is a widely used nonoperative treatment of breast cancer-related lymphedema. The extremity volume has been one of the major parameters representing the treatment results of complex decongestive physical therapy. However, the increase in extremity volume in lymphedema can be caused both by tissue fluid accumulation and by pathologic tissue proliferation, which cannot be assessed separately at present. Accordingly, the volume or circumference measurement alone may not clarify how these phenomena are modified by complex decongestive physical therapy. Suehiro et al. developed subcutaneous echogenicity grade (SEG) and subcutaneous echo-free space (SEFS) grade via B-mode ultrasonography, allowing semiquantitation of nonspecific subcutaneous tissue inflammation and fluid accumulation. Increase in SEG is attributed to increased cell density and increased collagen content in the tissue and it is considered to indicate the presence of ongoing or previous inflammation in the area. SEFS represents the fluid accumulated in the spaces between superficial fasciae, which is freely mobile in the spaces. Recently, Suehiro et al. have investigated the impact of aggressive decongestion in limbs with lymphedema without SEFS in subcutaneous tissue ultrasonography. According to their results, the impact of aggressive decongestion seemed limited in patients with lymphedema without SEFS. But it was a retrospective study which may be a limitation to draw a firm conclusion. Therefore, the aim of this study is to evaluate tissue changes via ultrasound after complex decongestive therapy.