Bioavailability of Vitamin D-enriched Pork and Chicken in Comparison to a Vitamin D Supplement in Healthy Adults: an Acute Study

The importance of achieving an adequate vitamin D status is widely recognised, with public health and research communities heightening their interest over recent years.

Whilst vitamin D can be synthesised following skin exposure to UV light, due to public health concerns regarding sun safety, and modern indoor lifestyles, it has become evident that endogenous synthesis may not be an effective means of maintaining an adequate vitamin D status across the year. Given the marked variation in seasonally-induced cutaneous synthesis, habitually low dietary vitamin D intakes of 2-4µg/day typically reported within nationally represented population surveys, and the generally low uptake of supplementation at the population level, it is warranted to identify alternative food-based strategies to yield greater adherence to the 10µg DRV, particularly during winter months where sunlight exposure is negligible. Commodity-based biofortification may provide an innovative and viable additional food-based approach to suboptimal vitamin D status, in combination with safe sun exposure, inclusion of natural and fortified dietary sources and/or supplementation.

Meat naturally contains vitamin D3 and 25(OH)D3, yet by manipulating feeding regimes and/ or housing environments, it is possible to improve the concentration of both metabolites in animal products. Eggs, beef and pork provide viable opportunities for the enhancement of vitamin D3 and 25(OH)D3 which contribute to an increase in total vitamin D activity (vitamin D3 + [25(OH)D3 x 5]), and therefore would be expected to positively impact vitamin D status. Albeit whilst much biofortification research has been established, less is known regarding its effectiveness at raising circulating serum 25(OH)D concentrations amongst apparently healthy adults, with the exception of some plant-based foods.

Therefore, an opportunity exists to understand the bioavailability of vitamin D-enriched pork and vitamin D-enriched chicken to increase 25(OH)D concentration.