Inelastic Compression With a High Stiffness Index in Breast Cancer-related Lymphedema: A Prospective Case - Control Study

55 women after breast cancer treatment admitted to the Lymphedema Clinic and patients fulfilled the admission criteria - stage-II (according to ISL) lymphedema, ≥20% excess limb volumes, positive pitting skin sign, and absent signs of active cancer, venous thrombosis or previous compression were assigned into the experimental group with the adjustable compression wrap redcution kit, ACW - Group or the control with compression bandaging, CB-Group.

In the ACW reduction group, adjustable compression garments (typ circaid® reduction kit, Medi-Bayreuth) was also fitted based on individual limb measurements with ability to reduce size of garment as the limb volume decreases. The kit included a card with a color scale that allowed users to achieve the appropriate pressure of 20-30 mmHg. The next day, in order to refresh and moisturize the skin, these products were removed for a short period prior to the next therapeutic session. They were used for 24 hours.

In the CB group, multi-layer bandaging of the limb was performed using short stretch bandages with pads (Rosidal K, Lohmann & Raucher). At the beginning of bandaging, a cotton tube stockinet was placed on the arm, a layer of gauze was applied to the fingers and hand. A layer of foam padding (Lymphset: Lohmann & Raucher) was placed on the hand and wrapped around the arm. Three bandages of different sizes (8, 10, 12 cm in width) were placed around the limb with the first starting at the hand, the second at the wrist and the third beginning below the elbow. Sub-bandage pressure was measured via the Kikushime device (Kikgel, Ujazd Poland) on the dorsal part of the forearm, as well as on the arm, to ensure a pressure value within the range of 20-30 mmHg, comparable to pressure used in the compression system among the ACW Group. Bandages were removed for a short time before the therapeutic session the next day, as in the ACW-Group, and put on the next day. The exercise program including aerobic exercises of the upper limbs combined with deep breathing was performed in adjustable compression wraps or bandaging for 15 minutes in 1 session per day.

Measurements, including physical functioning, limb volumes and disease-related symptoms, were performed before the intervention and after treatment in both groups. Circumferential upper limb measurements were taken with the arm abducted at 30°, starting at the level of the ulnar styloid, every 4 cm proximal to this point along both limbs. Calculation of limb segment volumes was carried out using a simplified frustum formula (summed truncated cone). The excess volume was the difference between the affected and unaffected limbs expressed in litres. The percentage reduction of the excess volume was obtained as follows: (excess volume before treatment - excess volume after treatment) x 100/excess volume before treatment.

Patients rated their physical functioning, disease-related symptoms, compression comfort and complications of compression on a numerical rating scale (NRS) based on the International Compression Club (ICC) Questionnaire - Part for Patients. Firstly, the patients assessed their physical functioning (sum of ability to move wrist, elbow, shoulder; use a spoon; carry out work; complete household chores; practice sports' carry out leisure activities; social activities, on the Number Rating Scale (NRS; 0 = not able at all, 10 = completely able) and disease-related symptoms (sum of pain; loss of muscle strength; heaviness; swelling; tight skin; tingling; leakage; NRS: 0 = no complaints, 10 = the highest intensity), first without the tested compression and continued after 1 and 2 weeks using the compression device. Complications of compression related to skin irritation; tender spots; skin damage; itching; warmth; throbbing; cramps; cutting in; slippage; local swelling; bulky feeling; too tight feeling (NRS: 0 = not present at all, 10 = very obviously present, sum of points) were assessed after 1 and 2 weeks in both groups. Compression comfort including: easy donning; easy doffing; feeling immediately after donning; feeling during daytime; putting on clothes on compression; feeling at night; the appearance of the garment (NRS: 0 = not able at all, 10 = completely able, sum of points) was evaluated after the first and second weeks in both groups.