Metabolomic Impacts of Branched-chain Amino Acid Supplementation During Endurance Exercise

Research Design This study utilized a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind crossover design comparing supplementation of BCAA versus placebo beverages consumed immediately before and halfway through a 60-minute run at 65% of maximal aerobic capacity. To isolate the impact of BCAA on serotonin and metabolism during exercise, blood samples were collected immediately before and after exercise. A targeted metabolomic analysis was designed for BCAA to verify supplementation induced increases in serum concentration, as well as for serotonin to assess impacts of BCAAs. Untargeted metabolomic analysis was performed to identify global metabolic impacts of BCAA supplementation on metabolism during endurance exercise.

Maximal Aerobic Capacity A graded exercise test was used to measure maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) using a motorized treadmill. Each participant was fitted with an electronic heart rate (HR) monitor, a mouthpiece and a two-way non-rebreathing tube and a nose clip, all of which were attached to a standard laboratory metabolic cart (TrueOne 2400, ParvoMedics, Sandy, Utah). Participants self-selected a speed between 5 and 7.5 mph and began running at a 0% incline. Each minute, the treadmill incline was increased by 1.5% while speed remained constant until the participant voluntarily terminated the test due to exhaustion. Each participant's VO2max was defined as the highest 30 second average value collected during the test. Heart rate at 65% of VO2max was then determined and used for the experimental trials.

Experimental procedure Participants were asked to return to the lab no earlier than 72 hours after the completion of the VO2max test to complete the first of two trials in the experimental procedure. In the 48 hours prior to each trial, participants were asked to record what they were eating, drinking and if they took any medications. All participants were asked to refrain from consuming alcohol within the 48 hours prior to the trials. With the exception of the experimental beverage, each of the two trials were identical in procedure and were separated by at least 72 hours. Testing was performed at the same time of day for each participant and all testing was completed between 4:00 and 8:00 p.m.

Participants were provided with a randomly assigned beverage containing either BCAAs or a placebo solution. Participants consumed the experimental beverage five minutes prior to their running trial. Each participant was then fitted with a HR monitor and blood was drawn three minutes after ingestion. The blood draw was immediately followed by a warm-up on the treadmill at a self-selected speed for two to five minutes. Each participant then started their 60-minute running trial at 0% incline at 65% of their established VO2max. Halfway into the 60-minute trial, each participant ingested another serving of the assigned placebo or BCAA beverage. Heart rate and the rate of perceived exertion (RPE) were collected every 10 minutes during the 60-minute trial. At the conclusion of the 60 minutes, participants cooled down for two minutes before exiting the treadmill and completing the post-exercise blood draw. Blood samples were allowed to clot for 15 minutes followed by centrifugation at 1200 RPM for 15 minutes at 4°C. The serum supernatant was then collected in clean vials and immediately stored at -80°C until liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LCMS) analysis. Treadmill speed during the first trial were recorded and replicated during the second trial.

Experimental beverages Each participant was provided a BCAA supplement solution or a placebo solution in a double-blind, randomized crossover design. The BCAA solution was 8 oz of water mixed with approximately 8 grams of a standard BCAA supplement in powder form. Each 8-gram dose contained 2.5 grams of leucine, 1.25 grams of isoleucine and 1.25 grams of valine. The presence of BCAA was confirmed by LCMS. The placebo solution was 8 oz of water mixed with approximately 2.0 mL of a sucralose-based drink mix. Both the BCAA solution and the placebo solution were similar in color and in taste. Participants were allowed to drink additional, plain water during the 60-minute running trial if desired.