How Can Change of Dysfunctional Expectations in Major Depression be Enhanced? An Experimental Study Targeting Cognitive Immunization
试验速览
- 阶段
- 不适用
- 状态
- 已完成
- 入组人数
- 135
- 试验地点
- 1
- 主要终点
- Performance Expectations Scale - generalized
研究概览
简要总结
Research has shown that people suffering from MDD tend to maintain dysfunctional expectations despite experiences that disconfirm expectations. Recently, it has been shown that this persistence of expectations is due to maladaptive information processing involving "cognitive immunization". This experimental study aims at testing three different strategies to inhibit cognitive immunization, in order to enhance expectation change.
详细描述
It appears adaptive to change one's expectations when continuously gaining expectation-disconfirming experiences; however, research has shown that people suffering from MDD have difficulty in changing their expectations after experiences that disconfirm expectations. Recently, the investigators have shown that this persistence of expectations is due to maladaptive information processing involving "cognitive immunization", defined as a cognitive reappraisal of expectation-disconfirming experiences in such a way that the individual's expectations are maintained. In view of psychotherapeutic interventions aiming to modify patients' dysfunctional expectations, effective strategies to inhibit cognitive immunization strategies need to be identified. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare different immunization-inhibiting strategies with regard to their effectivity in enhancing expectation change. For this purpose, the investigators use a standardized experimental paradigm, which was developed and validated in a previous study.
研究设计
- 研究类型
- Interventional
- 分配方式
- Randomized
- 干预模型
- Parallel
- 主要目的
- Treatment
- 盲法
- Single (Investigator)
盲法说明
The investigator randomly assigns participants to one of the experimental conditions. Participants are not aware which experimental condition they are allocated to.
入排标准
- 年龄范围
- 18 Years 至 —（Adult, Older Adult）
- 性别
- All
- 接受健康志愿者
- 否
入选标准
- •current diagnosis of Major Depressive Disorder
- •at least 18 years old
- •sufficient German language knowledge
排除标准
- 未提供
研究组 & 干预措施
INFORMATION
Participants in this condition receive a manipulation suggesting that the performance test "TEMINT", they previously worked on, has been shown to be highly relevant for daily life and professional success. We anticipated that after receiving this fake information about the TEMINT, it would be difficult for participants to engage in cognitive immunization processes because the validity and utility of the expectation-disconfirming experience is explicitly highlighted.
干预措施: INFORMATION (Behavioral)
SALIENCE
Participants in this condition are asked to think about how well they performed on this really difficult performance test. We anticipated that this manipulation would enhance expectation change, as the salience of the expectation-disconfirming experience was explicitly increased.
干预措施: SALIENCE (Behavioral)
ATTENTION
Before working on the performance test, participants in this conditions receive the instruction to attentionally focus on their personal result in the performance test. Further, they are asked to specify what would be personally good result for them. We anticipated that after receiving this instruction, the expectation-disconfirming performance feedback should be salient for the participants, hence making it difficult for them to engage in cognitive immunization strategies.
干预措施: ATTENTION (Behavioral)
CONTROL
Participants in this condition receive no further information. Therefore, they are passing through the standard procedure of the previously developed experimental paradigm.
干预措施: CONTROL (Behavioral)
结局指标
主要结局
Performance Expectations Scale - generalized
时间窗: Directly prior to the performance test and directly after completing the performance test
Change from Baseline to Postassessment in generalized performance expectations
次要结局
- Performance Expectations Scale - task-specific(Directly prior to the performance test and directly after completing the performance test)