Biomarkers of Whole Grain Wheat and Rye Intake
- Conditions
- Healthy Volunteers
- Interventions
- Other: Whole grain ryeOther: Whole grain wheatOther: Refined cereal
- Registration Number
- NCT02155062
- Lead Sponsor
- King's College London
- Brief Summary
Alkylresorcinols (AR) are a group of lipids found in the bran fraction of wheat and rye grains. AR are absorbed into the bloodstream and their metabolites are excreted in urine in measurable amounts following ingestion of wholegrain (WG) wheat or rye cereal. As AR are absent in refined cereals, plasma AR and urinary AR metabolites are proposed as suitable biomarkers of dietary intake of WG wheat and rye cereal, with a number of studies supporting this proposal. Different AR species are present in characteristic quantities in WG wheat in comparison to WG rye cereals, which can allow identification of the main source of WG (wheat or rye) in individuals by analysing the AR concentrations in blood. However the patterns of urinary AR metabolite excretion following wheat or rye intake have not yet been investigated to determine if there are differences according to WG source.
The present study aims to:
(i) investigate the differences in AR metabolite excretion pattern in spot and 24 hour urine samples after following a predominantly WG rye-based diet in comparison to a predominantly WG wheat-based diet and in comparison to control (refined cereal diet) (ii) compare the validity and reproducibility of AR metabolites in spot urine samples in comparison to 24 hour urine samples.
- Detailed Description
Not available
Recruitment & Eligibility
- Status
- COMPLETED
- Sex
- All
- Target Recruitment
- 10
- Body mass intake 18.5-30.0 kg/m2
- Weight stable for 2 months
- Generally healthy
- Previous or current chronic disease including heart disease, diabetes, gastrointestinal, liver, renal or endocrine disorders
- Drug or alcohol misuse in the last year
- Current pregnancy or lactation
- Weight change of >3 kg in the last two months
- Current regular user of certain prescription medications (except contraceptives)
- Unwilling to consume or to stop consuming WG wheat, WG rye or refined cereals
- Unwilling to discontinue multivitamins/dietary supplements during study
Study & Design
- Study Type
- INTERVENTIONAL
- Study Design
- CROSSOVER
- Arm && Interventions
Group Intervention Description Whole grain rye Whole grain rye 3-4 portions per day of WG rye containing foods (approximately 20 WG per portion) Whole grain rye Refined cereal 3-4 portions per day of WG rye containing foods (approximately 20 WG per portion) Refined cereal Refined cereal No intake of WG wheat or WG rye cereals, only refined cereals or non-AR containing WG cereals (e.g. WG rice or oats) Whole grain wheat Whole grain wheat 3-4 portions per day of WG wheat containing foods (approximately 20 WG per portion) Whole grain wheat Refined cereal 3-4 portions per day of WG wheat containing foods (approximately 20 WG per portion)
- Primary Outcome Measures
Name Time Method 24-h urinary DHBA:DHPPA ratio Endpoint (Day 3) DHBA: 3,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid DHPPA: 3-(3,5-dihydroxyphenyl)-propanoic acid
DHBA \& DHPPA are the main AR metabolites excreted in urine
- Secondary Outcome Measures
Name Time Method Total AR (DHBA+DHPPA):creatinine ratio in morning spot urine sample Endpoint (Day 3) DHBA:DHPPA ratio in morning spot urine Endpoint (Day 3) Total 24-h urinary AR metabolite (DHBA + DHPPA) excretion Endpoint (Day 3) Total 24-h urinary DHBA excretion Endpoint (Day 3) Total 24-h urinary DHPPA excretion Endpoint (Day 3) 24-h urinary total AR (DHBA+DHPPA):creatinine ratio Endpoint (Day 3) 24-h urinary DHPPA:creatinine ratio Endpoint (Day 3) DHBA:creatinine ratio in morning spot urine sample Endpoint (Day 3) DHPPA:creatinine ratio in morning spot urine sample Endpoint (Day 3) 24-h urinary DHBA:creatinine ratio Endpoint (Day 3)
Trial Locations
- Locations (1)
Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences Division, King's College London
🇬🇧London, United Kingdom