eIMPACT-DM Pilot Trial: Depression Treatment to Reduce Diabetes Risk

Phase 2

Completed

• Conditions: Depression; Major Depressive Disorder; Dysthymic Disorder; Depressive Symptoms; Type 2 Diabetes; PreDiabetes; Insulin Resistance
• Interventions: Behavioral: Good Days Ahead (GDA); Other: Active Control; Behavioral: Problem Solving Treatment in Primary Care (PST-PC); Drug: Antidepressant Medications

• Registration Number: NCT04437485
• Lead Sponsor: Indiana University

Brief Summary

This pilot randomized controlled trial seeks: (1) to determine the preliminary efficacy of our modernized collaborative care intervention for depression in improving the diabetes risk markers of hemoglobin A1c and insulin resistance and (2) to explore whether somatic depressive symptoms - i.e., hyperphagia (increased appetite/weight) and/or hypersomnia (increased sleep) - moderate the effect of the eIMPACT-DM intervention on diabetes risk markers.

Detailed Description

Diabetes affects 31 million (12%) U.S. adults, and another 82 million (34%) adults have prediabetes, a precursor to diabetes. The ramifications of diabetes are grave and include cardiovascular disease, disability, and death. While these statistics highlight the importance of diabetes prevention, current approaches have only partial effectiveness. This has created a clear need to identify new primary prevention targets and approaches for diabetes, and depression and depression treatment are strong candidates in this regard. Over 20 years of evidence indicates that depression is an independent, clinically important, robust, biobehaviorally plausible, and modifiable risk factor for diabetes. However, research has yet to determine whether depression treatment can prevent the development of diabetes in people with prediabetes. Given that depression is still receiving limited attention in settings where diabetes prevention occurs (e.g., primary care), there is a large cohort of patients with an underdetected or undertreated diabetes risk factor (depression). This status quo and the strong state of the depression-to-diabetes science create the need for a pilot randomized controlled trial to evaluate the utility of depression treatment as a new diabetes prevention strategy. Thus, we propose a pilot RCT of 64 primary care patients (50% minority) with a depressive disorder and prediabetes. Patients will be randomized to 6 months of eIMPACT-DM (intervention) or Active Control (comparator). eIMPACT-DM is our modernized collaborative stepped care intervention consisting of (1) computerized and telephonic cognitive-behavioral therapy for depression and (2) select antidepressant medications included in an algorithm optimized for diabetes risk reduction. Our preliminary data establish the feasibility and antidepressive efficacy of eIMPACT-DM. The Active Control consists of depression education, symptom monitoring, and primary care for depression. Our primary aim is to determine the preliminary efficacy of eIMPACT-DM in improving the diabetes risk markers of hemoglobin A1c (primary outcome) and insulin resistance (secondary outcome). Our exploratory aim is to explore whether somatic depressive symptoms - i.e., hyperphagia (increased appetite/weight) and/or hypersomnia (increased sleep) - moderate the effect of eIMPACT-DM on diabetes risk markers. A positive pilot trial would pave the way to an R01-level RCT by: (1) generating critical proof-of-concept data (eIMPACT-DM can improve A1c) to support the premise of the definitive trial; (2) providing preliminary effect sizes for eIMPACT-DM on diabetes risk markers to help justify future power analyses; (3) identifying a potentially important moderator of eIMPACT-DM efficacy that may need to be incorporated into the definitive trial. Ultimately, demonstrating that depression treatment reduces diabetes risk would identify a novel target (depression) for diabetes prevention efforts, and it would equip healthcare providers with a new practical, scalable, and disseminable intervention (eIMPACT-DM) to help lower diabetes risk for a large cohort of high-risk patients. These practice changes should translate into reduced diabetes morbidity, mortality, and costs.

Basic Information
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Recruitment & Eligibility
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Study & Design
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Trial Locations

Study Timeline

• Study First Submitted: 2020-06-01
• Study First Submitted QC: 2020-06-16
• Study First Posted: 2020-06-18
• Study Start: 2020-10-14
• Primary Completion: 2022-08-29
• Study Completion: 2022-08-29
• Results First Submitted: 2023-08-24
• Status Verified: 2023-10
• Results First Submitted QC: 2023-10-10
• Last Update Submitted: 2023-10-10
• Results First Posted: 2023-11-02
• Last Update Posted: 2023-11-02

Recruitment & Eligibility

• Status: COMPLETED
• Sex: All
• Target Recruitment: 46

Inclusion Criteria

• Current primary care patient in Eskenazi Health
• Age ≥18 years
• Depressive disorder at screening
• Prediabetes at screening

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Exclusion Criteria

• History of type 1 or type 2 diabetes
• Major inflammatory conditions: HIV/AIDS, chronic kidney disease, systemic inflammatory disease (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, Crohn's disease, and ulcerative colitis), or active cancer/current cancer treatment
• Current pregnancy
• Severe cognitive impairment
• Acute risk of suicide
• History of bipolar disorder or psychosis or current use of an atypical antipsychotic medication:
• Participation in our prior eIMPACT Trial

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Study & Design

• Study Type: INTERVENTIONAL
• Study Design: PARALLEL

Arm && Interventions

Group	Intervention	Description
eIMPACT-DM intervention	Good Days Ahead (GDA)	eIMPACT-DM is a 6-month, modernized, collaborative, stepped care intervention consisting of (1) computerized and telephonic cognitive-behavioral therapy for depression and (2) select antidepressant medications included in an algorithm optimized for diabetes risk reduction. It is a collaborative care intervention in which a multidisciplinary team delivers established depression treatments consistent with patient preference. It uses a stepped, flexible, treat-to-target approach that modernizes the IMPACT intervention by harnessing technology to minimize staff and space requirements. Interventions are Good Days Ahead, Problem Solving Treatment in Primary Care, and select FDA-approved antidepressants. The treatment team consists of a depression clinical specialist, a supervising MD with expertise in primary care and IMPACT, and the patients' primary care providers (PCPs).
eIMPACT-DM intervention	Problem Solving Treatment in Primary Care (PST-PC)	eIMPACT-DM is a 6-month, modernized, collaborative, stepped care intervention consisting of (1) computerized and telephonic cognitive-behavioral therapy for depression and (2) select antidepressant medications included in an algorithm optimized for diabetes risk reduction. It is a collaborative care intervention in which a multidisciplinary team delivers established depression treatments consistent with patient preference. It uses a stepped, flexible, treat-to-target approach that modernizes the IMPACT intervention by harnessing technology to minimize staff and space requirements. Interventions are Good Days Ahead, Problem Solving Treatment in Primary Care, and select FDA-approved antidepressants. The treatment team consists of a depression clinical specialist, a supervising MD with expertise in primary care and IMPACT, and the patients' primary care providers (PCPs).
eIMPACT-DM intervention	Antidepressant Medications	eIMPACT-DM is a 6-month, modernized, collaborative, stepped care intervention consisting of (1) computerized and telephonic cognitive-behavioral therapy for depression and (2) select antidepressant medications included in an algorithm optimized for diabetes risk reduction. It is a collaborative care intervention in which a multidisciplinary team delivers established depression treatments consistent with patient preference. It uses a stepped, flexible, treat-to-target approach that modernizes the IMPACT intervention by harnessing technology to minimize staff and space requirements. Interventions are Good Days Ahead, Problem Solving Treatment in Primary Care, and select FDA-approved antidepressants. The treatment team consists of a depression clinical specialist, a supervising MD with expertise in primary care and IMPACT, and the patients' primary care providers (PCPs).
Active Control	Active Control	Active Control (AC) consists of depression education (study staff), symptom monitoring (study staff), and primary care for depression (clinical staff).

Primary Outcome Measures

Name	Time	Method
Hemoglobin A1c at 6 Months	6 months	Fasting blood samples were collected, and whole blood and plasma aliquots were frozen. Hemoglobin A1c will be measured by a standard method. A1c is the primary outcome because: (1) it is the gold standard measure of glycemia and a common surrogate endpoint, (2) it strongly predicts future diabetes, (3) interventions decreasing A1c improve clinical diabetes endpoints, and (4) diabetes prevention interventions targeting glycemic control result in lower rates of progression from prediabetes to type 2 diabetes. Higher hemoglobin A1c values indicate greater diabetes risk.

Secondary Outcome Measures

Name	Time	Method
Homeostatic Model of Assessment-Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) Score at 6 Months	6 months	Higher HOMA-IR scores indicate greater insulin resistance. Homeostatic Model of Assessment-Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) scores were derived from fasting glucose and insulin values measured by standard assays. HOMA-IR score is an established index of insulin resistance that correlates highly with the more invasive euglycemic clamp and is appropriate for assessing change. Higher HOMA-IR scores indicate greater insulin resistance.
Depressive Symptoms	6 months	Participants completed the reliable and valid Hopkins Symptom Checklist-20 (SCL-20) to assess depressive symptoms. Total scores (mean of items responses, range: 0-4) were computed, with higher scores indicating greater depressive symptoms.

Trial Locations

Locations (1)

IUPUI Department of Psychology; 🇺🇸 Indianapolis, Indiana, United States