EFFECTS OF MOXIFLOXACIN AND GEMIFLOXACIN ON BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVEL OF EUGLYCEMICS:A PRE-CLINICAL AND CLINICAL STUDY

The study will be conducted under good clinical practice guidelines and a consent form will be signed from the healthy volunteers as per design of World health organization.The study has no harmful effects on the heaths of the volunteers as we are conducting the study for five dose/one pack drug will be gaven. The volunteers will be sampled randomly and the effect of the said drugs will be determined on blood glucose and insulin level.

Diabetes mellitus (DM), a non-communicable disease, which is considered now-a-days a life threatening disease to the human health (1,2).According to the report of International Diabetes Federation (IFD) and World Health Organization (WHO), diabetes mellitus is one of the World's fifth leading cause of mortality and about 415 million people of the world's population have diabetes mellitus in 2018 (3). After every 6 seconds, a person dies from diabetes mellitus (4, 5). Pakistan is a country with 7th highest diabetic population in the world and it is assumed to rise to 4th highest place by 2030 (6). Due to sedentary life style of People, there is a maximum increase of DM in the last decade (7). DM is classified into two classes i.e. Type I and Type II (8). The Type I diabetes is much more common. It is due to defective insulin secretion or insulin action or both (9). The Type II diabetes is now-a-days attributed to genetic disorders affecting the beta cells of the pancreas (10), or the ability of body cells to respond to insulin action leading to insulin resistance DM (11, 12).

Fluoroquinolones (FQs) are a group of antibacterial antibiotics. Newer fluoroquinolones has expanded its traditional coverage from Gram-negative coverage to Gram-positive as well as to anaerobic organisms (14-16). It has been used since 2-3 decades and has been observed to have excellent anti-microbial coverage, but unfortunately the FQs are associated with adverse drug events including strong dysglycemic effects which has also led to irreversible brain damage and even death (17). Till date, six different types of adverse drug reactions have been reported with Fluoroquinolones. These include prolongation of QT interval, Photo toxicity, hepatotoxicity and alteration in the blood glucose hemostasis (hyperglycemia or sometimes hypoglycemia), damage to the tendons leading to tendinitis (18). Canadian Adverse Drug Reaction Monitoring Program (CADRMP) reported that three marketed fluoroquinolones namely gatifloxacin, levofloxacin and moxifloxacilin are under Metabolic and Nutritional Disorders category. Among them Temafloxacin, levofloxacin and gatifloxacin have been reported to be associated with hemolysis (19).

It has been assumed that the dysglycemic effects of FQs mainly occur through their action on the ATP- sensitive K + channels. According to definition, an agent that causes the selective relaxation of an induced contractility due to low K+ (20-25 mM) is grouped as K+ channel opener. From the studies it can be assumed that fluoroquinolones may block the ATP-sensitive K+ channels as well as the opening of as Calcium channels that are voltage dependent (22). These opened Calcium channels further depolarize the membrane potential ultimately releasing insulin. These Studies reveals that fluoroquinolones have pancreatic beta cell cytotropic activity, however the dysglycemic effects of Moxifloxacin and Gemifloxacin have not been proven but very strong associations have been demonstrated via some case report studies (21).

Keeping in view all these studies and developments regarding the adverse effects associated with fluoroquinolones specially the dysglycemic effects due to cytotropic influence on the beta cells of the pancreas it is now very much needed to actually correlate these effects seen in the beta cells of the pancreas with the pancreatic tissue histopathological changes. Since, Moxifloxacin and Gemifloxacin are a new generation quinolones, thus our study focuses on them to get a clear picture of its possible shift of blood glucose and insulin in our society. Thus the hallmark of our study is to focus on dysglycemic effects (either hyperglycemic or hypoglycemic effects) associated with quinolones, it is not clear to get a clear picture on blood glucose level until it is tested in control environment of a preclinical study, and to translate the possible effects of the preclinical study in a controlled clinical trial of healthy volunteers who are euglycemics as well.