The Role of Pain Catastrophizing, Resilience, and Illness Perception in Predicting Fibromyalgia Impact in Patients With Fibromyalgia

Visual Analog Scale

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VAS (Visual Analog Scale): A scale consisting of a 10 cm horizontal line marked at equal intervals, with one end representing "no pain" and the other "unbearable pain." The patient is asked to mark the point on the line that best represents the intensity of their pain. This distance, measured in millimeters, is interpreted as a "score." Regarding pain intensity, a score of 0 is rated as "no pain," while a score of 10 is rated as "unbearable, worst possible pain."

Revised Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire

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Revised Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQR): This questionnaire was updated by Bennett et al. in 2009. It consists of 21 separate questions, all rated on a scale of 0 to 10; a score of 10 represents the worst possible state, while 0 indicates the absence of the complaint. The questionnaire comprises three sub-dimensions: "function" (9 questions), "overall impact" (2 questions), and "symptoms" (10 questions). The total score for function (range 0-90) is divided by 3, the total score for overall impact (range 0-20) remains unchanged, and the total score for symptoms (range 0-100) is divided by 2. The total questionnaire score (0-100) is the sum of these values. A higher score indicates a high level of impact from the disease. The recommended cut-off points for disease severity are as follows: 0-23, remission; 24-40, mild disease; 41-63, moderate disease; 64-82, severe disease; and 83-100, very severe disease. The Cronbach's alpha for the FIQR is 0.95, and item-total correlations ra

The Pain Catastrophizing Scale

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The Pain Catastrophizing Scale is a 13-item self-report scale developed by Sullivan et al. to assess the extent to which individuals tend to catastrophize in response to pain; it utilizes a 5-point Likert-type rating system (scoring 0-4). The original form of the scale comprises three sub-dimensions: helplessness, magnification, and rumination. The internal consistency reliability of the Turkish adaptation of the Pain Catastrophizing Scale was found to be very high, with a Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.955. Item-total and inter-item correlation coefficients for the scale were determined to range between 0.488 and 0.848.

Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire

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Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire: Developed by Broadbent et al. in 2006. This scale comprises 8 items plus an additional item investigating causal factors. With the exception of the ninth item regarding causal factors, the eight items on the scale use a Likert-type scoring system ranging from 0 to 10. The first five items assess cognitive illness representations: consequences (Item 1), timeline (Item 2), personal control (Item 3), treatment control (Item 4), and identity (Item 5). Two items assess emotional illness perceptions: concern (Item 6) and emotions (Item 8). One item evaluates illness coherence (Item 7). Causal representation is assessed via an open-ended question asking patients to list the most important causal factors of their illness (Item 9). Scores on the scale indicate the perceived threat of the illness or the individual's level of ease regarding the condition. When calculating the score, the values for items 3, 4, and 7 are reversed and added to the scores of

Brief Resilience Scale

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Brief Resilience Scale: This scale was developed by Smith et al. (2008) to measure individuals' psychological resilience. It is a 6-item, self-report instrument using a 5-point Likert scale. Items 2, 4, and 6 are reverse-coded. After reversing the scores for these items, high total scores indicate a high level of psychological resilience. The internal consistency reliability of the Turkish adaptation of the scale was found to be .83.