Innovative Policy: Effects of Tobacco Abuse Liability-dependent Taxes in the ETM
试验速览
- 阶段
- 不适用
- 状态
- 撤回
- 入组人数
- 51
- 试验地点
- 1
- 主要终点
- Cigarette Demand Intensity
研究概览
简要总结
In a within-subject design, cigarette smokers, stratified by age, will purchase tobacco products under three tax rate conditions based on abuse liability, that is taxes based on: (1) product category score (i.e. score ranging from 0-1 based on abuse liability effect sizes); (2) product category rank (i.e. position of a product relative to all others; e.g. 1st, 5th); and (3) product tiers (i.e. low-, medium-, high abuse liability), as well as a control. In the ETM, the effects of these interventions will be examined on cigarette demand and other products substitution.
The investigators will use a repeated-measures (within subject) analysis of variance (ANOVA) to test if there are differences between conditions (i.e., tax proposals) independently for each product. The models will include study design parameters for order effects to account for counterbalancing the tax conditions in the ETM. Each tax condition will be compared to the control. All distributional assumptions will be checked prior to analyses and the appropriate transformations will be employed, if needed. For each significant result from the omnibus test, the investigators will perform planned contrasts to test the proposed hypotheses previously described. Note that the omnibus test can result in a significant finding while the contrasts of interest may be non-significant. In this case, the investigators will only report the results from the planned contrasts.
Additional analyses might be conducted.
详细描述
In this study, the investigators will experimentally examine the impact of abuse-liability taxes on tobacco product purchases and ultimately tobacco dependence.
The investigators hypothesize that (1) the three abuse-liability tax proposals (product category score; product category rank; product tiers) will decrease purchasing of products with the highest abuse liability; and (2) increase purchasing of products with lower abuse liability (substitution) compared to control. Moreover, (3) the tax rate based on product category score will lead to the greatest substitution, because it is most reflective of abuse liability differences.
In a within-subject design, cigarette smokers stratified by age will complete one control trial and three ETM conditions representing the three tax rates based on abuse liability. Within each condition, taxes will be increased proportionally across 5 trials to examine how cigarette purchasing and substitution are affected.
The study will consist of two in-lab visits and one phone call visit: 1) a consent and assessments session 2) an ETM session, and a 3) follow-up phone-call session approximately 7 days after session 2. Session 1 and 2 will be separated by an at home product sampling phase.
- Session 1: Consent and Assessments In the consent and initial assessment session, participants will go through standard consent procedures. Participants will provide a breath sample to confirm recent levels of smoking that will be measured using a CoVita® Micro+ Basic Smokelizer. Women of child-bearing age will provide a urine sample to test for pregnancy. Participants will complete a timeline follow back to assess previous month smoking habits and consumption of nicotine products to determine ETM budget. Participants will complete a survey with demographic questions and nicotine/tobacco-related assessments (Fagerstrom Test for Cigarette Dependence, Perceived Health Risk adapted, Questionnaire on Smoking Urges-Brief, Motivation to Quit, Self-efficacy to Quit, and The Contemplation Ladder adapted).
研究设计
- 研究类型
- Interventional
- 分配方式
- Na
- 干预模型
- Single Group
- 主要目的
- Other
- 盲法
- None
入排标准
- 年龄范围
- 21 Years 至 —（Adult, Older Adult）
- 性别
- All
- 接受健康志愿者
- 否
入选标准
- •Provide informed consent
- •Be at least 21 years of age or older
- •Provide a breath sample for measuring carbon monoxide (CO ≥ 8 ppm)
- •Smoke at least 10 cigarettes daily
- •Use other tobacco products less than weekly
排除标准
- •Have uncontrolled physical or mental health conditions
- •Use of smoking cessation medications (e.g., nicotine replacement, bupropion, varenicline) in the past 30 days
- •Report concrete, immediate plans to alter/quit using their usual tobacco products in the next 30 days
- •If they are pregnant or lactating
- •Have plans to move out of the area during the experiment
研究组 & 干预措施
Cigarette smokers
In a within-subject design, cigarette smokers, stratified by age, will purchase tobacco products under three tax rate conditions based on abuse liability, that is taxes based on: (1) product category score (i.e. score ranging from 0-1 based on abuse liability effect sizes); (2) product category rank (i.e. position of a product relative to all others; e.g. 1st, 5th); and (3) product tiers (i.e. low-, medium-, high abuse liability), as well as a control. In the ETM, the effects of these interventions will be examined on cigarette demand and other products substitution.
干预措施: Product Category Score (Behavioral)
Cigarette smokers
In a within-subject design, cigarette smokers, stratified by age, will purchase tobacco products under three tax rate conditions based on abuse liability, that is taxes based on: (1) product category score (i.e. score ranging from 0-1 based on abuse liability effect sizes); (2) product category rank (i.e. position of a product relative to all others; e.g. 1st, 5th); and (3) product tiers (i.e. low-, medium-, high abuse liability), as well as a control. In the ETM, the effects of these interventions will be examined on cigarette demand and other products substitution.
干预措施: Product Category Rank (Behavioral)
Cigarette smokers
In a within-subject design, cigarette smokers, stratified by age, will purchase tobacco products under three tax rate conditions based on abuse liability, that is taxes based on: (1) product category score (i.e. score ranging from 0-1 based on abuse liability effect sizes); (2) product category rank (i.e. position of a product relative to all others; e.g. 1st, 5th); and (3) product tiers (i.e. low-, medium-, high abuse liability), as well as a control. In the ETM, the effects of these interventions will be examined on cigarette demand and other products substitution.
干预措施: Product Tiers (Behavioral)
Cigarette smokers
In a within-subject design, cigarette smokers, stratified by age, will purchase tobacco products under three tax rate conditions based on abuse liability, that is taxes based on: (1) product category score (i.e. score ranging from 0-1 based on abuse liability effect sizes); (2) product category rank (i.e. position of a product relative to all others; e.g. 1st, 5th); and (3) product tiers (i.e. low-, medium-, high abuse liability), as well as a control. In the ETM, the effects of these interventions will be examined on cigarette demand and other products substitution.
干预措施: Control (Behavioral)
结局指标
主要结局
Cigarette Demand Intensity
时间窗: Day 1
Participants will complete purchasing trials in an Experimental Tobacco Marketplace (ETM), where nicotine/tobacco prices will increase accordingly with the condition. The quantity of products purchased in the ETM will be converted to milligrams (mg) of nicotine to standardize the unit of measurement across products. The data will reflect the relationship between nicotine purchased (mg; y-axis) and cigarette price (x-axis). Demand will be estimated using the exponential equation: Q = Q0 \* 10\^k(exp(-αQ0C) - 1), where Q is nicotine purchased (mg), C is price, Q0 is demand intensity (purchases at no cost), k is the function's logarithmic span, and α is demand elasticity. Intensity will be reported, which represents the estimated mg of nicotine purchased when cigarettes are free (price = 0).
Cigarette Demand Elasticity
时间窗: Day 1
Participants will complete purchasing trials in an Experimental Tobacco Marketplace (ETM), where nicotine/tobacco prices will increase accordingly with the condition. The quantity of products purchased in the ETM will be converted to milligrams (mg) of nicotine to standardize the unit of measurement across products. The data will reflect the relationship between nicotine purchased (mg; y-axis) and cigarette price (x-axis). Demand will be estimated using the exponential equation: Q = Q0 \* 10\^k(exp(-αQ0C) - 1), where Q is nicotine purchased (mg), C is price, Q0 is demand intensity (purchases at no cost), k is the function's logarithmic span, and α is demand elasticity. Elasticity will be reported, which represents the sensitivity of purchasing to changes in cigarette price.
Nicotine/Tobacco Products Substitution Slope
时间窗: Day 1
Participants will complete purchasing trials in an Experimental Tobacco Marketplace (ETM), where nicotine/tobacco prices will increase accordingly with the condition. The quantity of products purchased in the ETM will be converted to milligrams (mg) of nicotine to standardize the unit of measurement across products. The data will reflect the relationship between nicotine purchased (mg; y-axis) and cigarette price (x-axis). To obtain estimates of substitution of price-constant products in the different ETM conditions, the investigators will use ordinary least squares regression to predict total mg of nicotine purchased of the price-constant product. Slope of price-constant products will be reported, which represents the change in mg of nicotine purchased of price-constant products divided by the change in cigarette price.
Nicotine/Tobacco Products Substitution Intercept
时间窗: Day 1
Participants will complete purchasing trials in an Experimental Tobacco Marketplace (ETM), where nicotine/tobacco prices will increase accordingly with the condition. The quantity of products purchased in the ETM will be converted to milligrams (mg) of nicotine to standardize the unit of measurement across products. The data will reflect the relationship between nicotine purchased (mg; y-axis) and cigarette price (x-axis). To obtain estimates of substitution of price-constant products in the different ETM conditions, the investigators will use ordinary least squares regression to predict total mg of nicotine purchased of the price-constant product. Y-intercept of price-constant products will be reported.
次要结局
未报告次要终点