Down Syndrome Memantine Follow-up Study

Phase 2

Completed

Conditions: Down Syndrome
Intellectual Disability

Interventions: Drug: Placebo
Drug: Memantine

Registration Number: NCT02304302

Lead Sponsor: University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center

Brief Summary: The purpose of this research study is to learn if the medication Memantine Hydrochloride (the study medication) can help adolescents and young adults with Down syndrome. Dr. Alberto Costa and his research team want to see if a 16-week treatment with this medication can improve the participant's ability to learn and remember things. In this study, memantine hydrochloride will be used. Thus, the researchers want to learn whether the study drug can help improve memory in young adults with Down syndrome. To test the effect of the study medicine, half of the people in the study will receive the study medicine and half will receive a placebo (an inactive substance). Memantine is an approved medication to treat memory and thinking problems in persons with Alzheimer disease. However, little is known about the effect of this medication in persons with Down syndrome and it has not been approved for use in persons with Down syndrome.

Detailed Description: This study seeks to investigate if the medication Memantine Hydrochloride can help young adults with Down syndrome. Two hundred persons with Down syndrome from both genders and between 15 and 32 years of age will be recruited from two sites: Cleveland, OH, USA and São Paulo, SP, Brazil. Participants will be assigned randomly to either a placebo group or a group taking the active medication with a 50% probability of being on either group. Neither the participants nor the investigators will know who will be taking the study medication and who will be taking the placebo during the study. Only the investigational pharmacist will have access to this information.

Up to 60 people with Down syndrome of the recruited study participants will take part on an optional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study. This investigation is aimed at helping to make the EEG study more precise and to find out whether the study medication has any significant effect on the structure of the brain.

Additionally, we will recruit a control group of 60 age- and gender-matched participants without Down syndrome. The goal is to investigate how different groups of people activate their brains when they hear or see something, and if he can use high-density EEG and MRI to see how this study medication works in persons with Down syndrome. In other words, this additional control group should help us ascertain which parts of the test results are due to a person having Down syndrome and which ones are not. Persons without Down syndrome will only come for one EEG visit and one MRI visit, and not be asked to take the study medication.

The visits for the participants with Down syndrome will be as follows:

Screening visit (approximately 2-hour long). The subject will be asked about his/her health, medical history, social background, and work background, as well as some simple questions to determine performance on tests of memory and function that are part of this study. Informed consent and assent will be obtained in this visit. At the end of this visit, an EEG machine will be used to access brain responses to different auditory and visual stimuli. Some will be asked if they would be willing to have an MRI performed, but this portion is not imperative.

A urine sample will be collected and used to obtain cells that will be kept frozen for potential future studies. If the date of the screening visit is not convenient, this sample can be collected during any of the next five visits.

Visit 1 (approximately 1 hour). Pulse, blood pressure, and an electrocardiogram (ECG) will be taken. At the end of the visit, urine and blood samples will be taken. Pregnancy will also be checked.

Visit 2 (2-3 hours). Tests of memory, learning, and reasoning skills will be conducted before the start of the study medicine or placebo. At the end of this visit, a 60-day supply of either the study medicine or the placebo will be given. This will need to be taken for 16 weeks.

Visit 3 (approximately 30 minutes). Eight weeks after the beginning of the treatment, the participant will return to assess how she/he is doing under the treatment. Pulse, blood pressure, a physical exam, and pregnancy will be checked. At this visit, another supply of study medicine will be given.

Visit 4 (2-3 hours). Sixteen weeks after starting the medicine, the participant will take a second series of tests in learning, memory, and reasoning skills to find out whether there were any changes in these skills.

Visit 5 (approximately 1 hour). In the 16th or 17th week after starting the medicine, the participant will meet one more time with the doctor from visits 1 and 3. Vital signs, a physical exam, and an ECG will be taken, as well as a blood sample to ensure nothing has changed with the participant's general health. For women, a pregnancy test will be performed.

If for some reason the subject withdraws from this study prior to Visit 5, he/she will be asked to return to the clinic for a "Treatment Discontinuation Visit." In addition, if the participant discontinues the medication prior to the end of the study, he/she will be asked to complete a "Retrieved Dropout Visit" on the date that should have represented Visit 5. Study medication will not be provided beyond the study period.

Recruitment & Eligibility

Status: COMPLETED

Sex: All

Target Recruitment: 160

Inclusion Criteria

Cytogenetically documented Trisomy 21 or Complete Unbalanced Translocation of Chromosome 21. Mosaic Trisomy 21 and partial translocations will be excluded from the study
No pregnancy by serum testing at screening. Females of child-bearing potential, sexually active must be practicing a reliable method of birth control. Urine pregnancy tests will be done at the 2 follow-up medical visits
Laboratory findings within normal limits or judged clinically insignificant at baseline
Vital signs within normal limits for age. Stable, medically treated hypotension will be allowed
ECG must demonstrate predominately normal sinus rhythm. Minor abnormalities documented as clinically insignificant will be allowed
Participants and their authorized representatives will provide written informed consent
Participants who have received any experimental drug for Down syndrome must undergo a washout
All participants must: Be in general good health as judged by the investigators; Be able to swallow oral medication; Have a reliable caregiver or family member who agrees to accompany participant to all visits, provide information about the participant as required by the protocol, and ensure compliance with the medication schedule; Be sufficiently proficient in English (USA) or Portuguese (Brazil) to reliably complete the study assessments
Age and gender matching participants without Down syndrome, must be: Males or females without Down syndrome aged-matching (within 3 years) participants with Down syndrome whom they are expected to serve as controls

Exclusion Criteria

Participant weighing less than 40 kg
Current psychiatric or neurologic diagnosis other than Down syndrome (e.g., major depressive disorder, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, autism, Alzheimer disease)
Current treatment with psychotropic drugs
Drug or alcohol abuse or dependence
Significant suicide risk or who would require treatment with electro-convulsive therapy or with psychotropic drugs during the study or who have received treatment with a depot neuroleptic drug within 6 months of entering the study.
Current or expected (within the next 6 months) hospitalization or residence in a skilled nursing facility (may reside in group homes or other residential settings with no skilled nursing)
Active or clinically significant conditions affecting absorption, distribution, or metabolism of study drug (e.g. inflammatory bowel disease or celiac disease)
Significant allergies to or other significant intolerance of memantine therapy, its ingredients, or with contraindications to memantine therapy as stated in the prescribing information
Participants who are expected to require general anesthetics during the course of the study
Presence or recent history of seizure disorder (< 3 years).
Clinically significant and/or clinically unstable systemic disease. (Those with controlled hypothyroidism must be on a stable dose of medication for at least 3 months prior to screening and have normal serum T-4 and TSH at screening; and those with controlled diabetes mellitus must have an HbA1c of < 8.0% and a random serum glucose value of < 170 mg/dl)
Severe infections or a major surgical operation within 3 months prior to screening
History of persistent cognitive deficits immediately following head trauma.
Donation of blood or blood products less that 30 days prior to screening, while participating in the study, or four weeks after completion of the study
Inability to comply with the protocol or perform the outcomes measures due to significant hearing or visual impairment or other issues judged relevant by the investigators
Exclusion criteria for controls without Down syndrome: History of substance abuse, major psychiatric disorder, attention deficit disorder, or learning disability; Beck Depression Score greater than 10; Exclusion criteria specific to MR scanning; Pregnancy; Neurologic history

Study & Design

Study Type: INTERVENTIONAL

Study Design: PARALLEL

Arm && Interventions

Group	Intervention	Description
Placebo	Placebo	Identically-looking placebo pills to memantine will be dispensed in a 66-day supply (56 days plus 10 extra days) by the study coordinator to participants receiving the placebo at the end of visits 2 and 3.
Memantine	Memantine	Memantine will be dispensed in a 66-day supply (56 days plus 10 extra days) by the study coordinator to participants receiving the placebo at the end of visits 2 and 3.

Primary Outcome Measures

Name	Time	Method
Efficacy of the Drug Memantine as Assessed by Change in Score on the California Verbal Learning Test-II (CVLT-II) Short Form Total Free Recall	baseline and 16 weeks from start of treatment	The primary efficacy measure is focused on episodic memory. The CVLT-II short form assesses supraspan word learning ability as an index of episodic verbal long-term memory. We hypothesize that treatment with memantine will produce significant improvements in this test. The main dependent variable selected, based on prior literature was the total number of target items correct summed across learning trials 1-4. The values for this measure have been recorded as change in score from baseline (T1) to after the treatment (T2). Scale Range: from 0 to 36; higher scores represent better outcomes.

Secondary Outcome Measures

Name	Time	Method
Efficacy of the Drug Memantine as Assessed by Change in Score on the Pattern Recognition Memory (PRM; Part of the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery -- CANTAB)	baseline and 16 weeks from start of treatment	This is a measure of non-verbal memory. Total number correct across the two series of items presented was used as the dependent variable. We used the PRM total scale in this study, which represents the sum of the PRM correct scores (ranging from 0 to 24) and the PRM delayed scores (ranging from 0 to 24). Therefore, the range of the PRM total scale is from 0 to 48; higher values mean better outcomes.
Efficacy of the Drug Memantine as Assessed by Change in Score on the Paired Associates Learning (PAL) From the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB)	baseline and 16 weeks from start of treatment	This is a measure of non-verbal memory that requires the participant to learn associations between an abstract visual pattern and its location. Two dependent variables have been selected: Total number of items correct on the first trial of each stage, and total number of stages completed. The values for this measure have been recorded as change in score from baseline (T1) to after the treatment (T2). The minimum value of the PAL Memory Score Scale is 0 and the maximum value is 21; higher scores mean better outcomes.
Efficacy of the Drug Memantine as Assessed by Change in Score on the Recall of Digits Forward (From the Differential Ability Scales; DAS-II)	baseline and 16 weeks from start of treatment	This is a measure of rote short-term verbal memory. Total number of items correct were used as the dependent variable. The values for this measure have been recorded as change in score from baseline (T1) to after the treatment (T2). The minimum value for this scale is 0 and the maximum value is 38; higher scores mean a better outcome.
Efficacy of the Drug Memantine as Assessed by Change in Score on the Spatial Span (Part of the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery -- CANTAB)	baseline and 16 weeks from start of treatment	This measure is a computerized version of the Corsi Blocks task, a long-standing neuropsychological test. The main dependent variables selected for this test was the span length, which is the longest sequence of numbers recalled accurately. The minimum value of the Spatial Span Length Score Scale is 0 and the maximum value is 9; higher scores mean better outcomes. The values for this measure have been recorded as change in score from baseline (T1) to after the treatment (T2).
Efficacy of the Drug Memantine as Assessed by Change in Score on the Spatial Working Memory (Part of the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery -- CANTAB)	baseline and 16 weeks from start of treatment	The test requires participants to search under a series of colored boxes to locate a "blue token" hidden underneath one of them. During a series of trials, the participant is told that the token will be in a new location each time and that they should not go back to a location he or she has looked in previously. The main dependent variable was the total number of errors ("between errors"), which indexes the number of times a participant went back to a box where a token had already been found, lower scores mean better performance. The minimum value of the Spatial Working Memory scale is 0 and the maximum value is 137 (which was computed as the equivalent to -4 standard deviations from the mean of this measure); higher scores mean worse outcomes. The values for this measure have been recorded as change in score from baseline (T1) to after the treatment (T2).
Efficacy of the Drug Memantine as Assessed by Change in Score on the The Go - No Go Task	baseline and 16 weeks from start of treatment	This is a measure of inhibitory control, often used as a marker for prefrontal-striatal function integrity. Specifically, it measures the participant's ability to inhibit pre-potent behavioral responses that have been established by provision of prior "go" or "no-go" cues in a classical conditioning paradigm. The main dependent variables selected was speed of response of execution to Go targets. The minimum value of the speed of response of execution to Go targets is 280 milliseconds (ms) and the maximum value is 1000 ms; higher scores mean worse outcomes. The values for this measure have been recorded as change in score from baseline (T1) to after the treatment (T2).
Safety and Tolerability of the Drug Memantine as Assessed by Change in QTc Interval	baseline and 16 weeks from start of treatment	Incidence of adverse events was monitored by clinical history, physical examinations, electrocardiograms (ECGs), clinical laboratory tests, the Screen for Childhood Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED). Here, we report the analysis of the effect of memantine treatment on QTc intervals because of its clinical importance for this analysis for potential drug toxicity. QTc intervals ≥ 450 ms are generally considered long, and drug-induced QTc interval prolongations ≥ 60 ms are generally considered clinically relevant.

Trial Locations

Locations (2): University Hospitals Case Medical Center
🇺🇸
Cleveland, Ohio, United States
Sociedade Beneficente Israelita Brasileira Albert Einstein
🇧🇷
São Paulo, SP, Brazil