Silicon Valley Guaranteed Income Project

University of California, San Francisco2 sites in 1 country300 target enrollmentDecember 10, 2022

ConditionsFamilies Experiencing Homelessness and/or Housing Instability

InterventionsPublic Benefits Information Session Guaranteed Income

Overview

Phase: N/A
Intervention: Public Benefits Information Session
Conditions: Families Experiencing Homelessness and/or Housing Instability
Sponsor: University of California, San Francisco
Enrollment: 300
Locations: 2
Primary Endpoint: Number of days experiencing homelessness
Status: Enrolling by Invitation
Last Updated: 2 months ago

Overview Investigators Eligibility Criteria Arms & Interventions Outcomes Sites Similar Trials

Overview

Brief Summary

The goal of this clinical trial is to learn about how unconditional cash payments equivalent to $1,000 for 24 months (also called 'guaranteed income') might help families experiencing homelessness and/or unstable housing in Santa Clara County, California.

The main questions it aims to answer are:

What is the impact of guaranteed income on homelessness and housing stability among families experiencing homelessness or housing instability?
What is the impact of guaranteed income on the health and well-being of families experiencing homelessness or housing instability?
In terms of size and frequency of cash payments, do families prefer monthly recurrent payments ($1,000/month) vs a larger up front amount followed by smaller monthly payments ($6,500/month, then $500/month)? Is one payment strategy more helpful than the other in terms of achieving improved housing stability, health, or other measures of well-being?

Detailed Description

Study design and overall objective: This is a mixed-methods randomized controlled trial (RCT) to assess the effectiveness of guaranteed income on improving housing stability, health, economic and overall well-being among 300 families experiencing homelessness in Santa Clara County. The specific aims are: Aim 1. Assess the effect of guaranteed income on housing stability and homelessness. The investigators will randomly select 150 households experiencing homelessness to receive guaranteed income equivalent to $1000 per month for 24 months in addition to usual care, with the remaining 150 households receiving usual care only (control group). The investigators will assess and compare measures of housing stability, housing services use and emergency shelter use at baseline, 6, 12, 18, 24, 27, 30, and 36 months after randomization. Hypothesis: Guaranteed income will improve housing stability and reduce the risk of continuing homelessness. Aim 2. Assess the effect of guaranteed income on the health and well-being of families experiencing homelessness and their social networks. The investigators will assess and compare self-reported physical and mental health and well-being, health and social service use, employment and income volatility, financial assets and spending, food insecurity, agency, and network strain and support at baseline and then at 6, 12, 18, 24, 27, 30, and 36 months after randomization. The investigators will use a mixed methods approach, employing both validated survey instruments and qualitative interviews to assess measures of interest. Hypothesis: Families receiving guaranteed income will have improved health and well-being, and multiplier effects will accrue to their social networks. Aim 3. Assess the effect of monthly vs a hybrid payment strategy (larger up-front lump sum plus a smaller monthly sum) on housing stability, health, and well-being. Individuals in the guaranteed income group (intervention group) will self-select whether they prefer to receive payments in a a) monthly ($1,000/month x 12 months) vs b) hybrid payment schedule ($6,500 x 1 month, then $500 x 11 month), with the option to change payment schedules after the first 12 months. Hypothesis: Individuals receiving a hybrid model of payments will obtain and sustain positive changes in stable housing and well-being more successfully over time compared to monthly payments.

Registry

clinicaltrials.gov

Start Date

December 10, 2022

End Date

December 1, 2026

Last Updated

2 months ago

Study Type

Interventional

Study Design

Parallel

Sex

All

Investigators

Sponsor

University of California, San Francisco

Responsible Party

Sponsor

Eligibility Criteria

Inclusion Criteria

•≥18 years of age at baseline visit/assessment
•Experiencing homelessness, as defined by:
•The HEARTH Act; or
•Living in a public or private space intended for temporary (≤6 month) residence, such as residing in a hotel/motel;
•Residing in a space without a legal right to the space and therefore being at threat of being asked to leave at any time (i.e., no lease); and/or
•Being in a shared living situation intended to be temporary (i.e., being 'doubled up' due to lack of available and/or affordable housing).
•Vulnerability-Index Service Prioritization Decision Assistance Tool (VI-SPDAT) score within the eligibility range for referral to rapid rehousing assistance programs in Santa Clara County (score of 4-8 for households), if available at the time of study entry.
•\- The VI-SPDAT score is commonly used by housing assistance service providers to prioritize households for housing assistance programs, where households with scores of 0-3 are lower priority for referral to programs, and households with scores of 9+ are recommended for referral to more intensive housing services such as permanent supportive housing (which combine affordable housing assistance with voluntary support services including health and mental health care, case management and other social supportive services). Households with a score of 4-8 are considered most appropriate for referral to housing assistance programs that may not offer additional supportive services.
•Living in a household with ≥1 dependent children (i.e., ≤17 years of age at the time of study entry)
•Written informed consent (and assent when applicable) obtained from participant or participant's legal representative and ability for participant to comply with the requirements of the study.

Exclusion Criteria

•Substantial to severe level of problematic substance use as defined by the validated Drug Abuse Screening Test (DAST-10) (score of 6-8 or 9-10, respectively).
•Hazardous or harmful alcohol consumption, or active and severe alcohol use disorder as defined by the validated Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) (score of 8-14 and ≥15, respectively).

Arms & Interventions

Usual Care

Participants in the active comparator control group will receive usual care, which includes usual public benefit, assistance and social service programs that are available at the local, county, state, and federal levels to all residents of Santa Clara County. They will also be offered the option to attend a Public Benefits Information Session.

Intervention: Public Benefits Information Session

Guaranteed Income

Participants in the intervention group will receive guaranteed income gift payments equivalent to $1,000/month for a total of 24 months in addition to usual care. They will also have the option to attend the same Public Benefits Information Session being offered to the control group as above.

Intervention: Guaranteed Income

Guaranteed Income

Intervention: Public Benefits Information Session

Outcomes

Primary Outcomes

Number of days experiencing homelessness

Time Frame: At 24 months after randomization

'Experiencing homelessness' will be defined as: 1) per the Homeless Emergency Assistance and Rapid Transition to Housing Act (HEARTH) Defining Homeless Final Rule published in the Federal Register in 2011; and/or 2) living in a public or private space intended for temporary (≤6 month) residence, such as residing in a hotel/motel; 3) residing in a space without a legal right to the space and therefore being at threat of being asked to leave at any time (i.e., no lease); and/or 4) being in a shared living situation intended to be temporary (i.e., being 'doubled up' due to lack of available and/or affordable housing).

Secondary Outcomes

Time to stable housing from randomization(Up to 24 months after randomization)
Proportion of families who obtain stable housing(At 24 months after randomization)
Number of days experiencing homelessness(At 36 months after randomization)
Proportion of families who retain stable housing after the end of the 24-month intervention period(At 36 months after randomization)
Days experiencing unsheltered homelessness in previous 6 months(At 36 months after randomization)
Time series analysis of days experiencing unsheltered homelessness in previous 6 months(Times series will include measurements at baseline, 6 months, 12 months, 18 months, 24 months, 30 months, 36 months after randomization)
Days residing in a hotel or motel in previous 6 months(36 months after randomization)
Time series analysis of days residing in a hotel or motel in previous 6 months(Times series will include measurements at baseline, 6 months, 12 months, 18 months, 24 months, 30 months, 36 months after randomization)
Proportion of families who are unleased(36 months after randomization)
Time series analysis of proportion of families who are unleased(Times series will include measurements at baseline, 6 months, 12 months, 18 months, 24 months, 27 months 30 months, 36 months after randomization)
Change in proportion of families who are unleased at baseline vs 24 months(Will include measurements at baseline and 24 months after randomization)
Change in proportion of families who are unleased at baseline vs 36 months(Will include measurements at baseline and 36 months after randomization)
Change in proportion of families who are unleased at 24 vs 36 months(Will include measurements at 24 and 36 months after randomization)
Days doubled up in previous 6 months(36 months after randomization)
Time series analysis of days doubled up in previous 6 months(Times series will include measurements at baseline, 6 months, 12 months, 18 months, 24 months, 30 months, 36 months after randomization)
Total proportion of families experiencing any homelessness(24 months after randomization)
Proportion of families experiencing any homelessness in previous 6 months(36 months after randomization)
Time series analysis of proportion of families experiencing any homelessness in previous 6 months(Times series will include measurements at baseline, 6 months, 12 months, 18 months, 24 months, 30 months, 36 months after randomization)
Total proportion of families ever experiencing unsheltered homelessness(At 24 months after randomization)
Proportion of families experiencing unsheltered homelessness in previous 6 months(36 months after randomization)
Time series analysis of proportion of families experiencing unsheltered homelessness in previous 6 months(Times series will include measurements at baseline, 6 months, 12 months, 18 months, 24 months, 30 months, 36 months after randomization)
Proportion of families doubled up in previous 6 months(36 months after randomization)
Time series analysis of proportion of families doubled up in previous 6 months(Times series will include measurements at baseline, 6 months, 12 months, 18 months, 24 months, 30 months, 36 months after randomization)
Total proportion of families returning to a homeless shelter(36 months after randomization)
Total proportion of families living in a homeless shelter(36 months after randomization)
Change in total proportion of families living in a homeless shelter from baseline to 24 months(Will include measurements at baseline and 24 months)
Total proportion of families ever residing in a hotel or motel(At 24 months after randomization; and changes between baseline and 6 months, 12 months, 18 months, 24 months after randomization; and changes between 24 and 36 months after randomization)
Proportion of families residing in a hotel or motel in previous 6 months(36 months after randomization)
Change in proportion of monthly income spent on housing-related expenses at baseline vs 24 months (composite of expenses for rent, mortgage, other shelter, and/or hotel/motel)(Will include measurements at baseline and 24 months after randomization)
Time series analysis of proportion of families residing in a hotel or motel in previous 6 months(Times series will include measurements at baseline, 6 months, 12 months, 18 months, 24 months, 30 months, 36 months after randomization)
Change in total proportion of families living in a homeless shelter from baseline to 36 months(Will include measurements at baseline and 36 months)
Change in total proportion of families living in a homeless shelter from 24 to 36 months(Will include measurements at 24 and 36 months)
Proportion of monthly income spent on housing-related expenses (composite of expenses for rent, mortgage, other shelter, and/or hotel/motel)(36 months after randomization)
Time series analysis of proportion of monthly income spent on housing-related expenses (composite of expenses for rent, mortgage, other shelter, and/or hotel/motel)(Times series will include measurements at baseline, 6 months, 12 months, 18 months, 24 months, 27 months, 30 months, 36 months after randomization)
Change in proportion of monthly income spent on housing-related expenses at baseline vs 36 months (composite of expenses for rent, mortgage, other shelter, and/or hotel/motel)(Will include measurements at baseline and 36 months after randomization)
Change in proportion of monthly income spent on housing-related expenses at 24 vs 36 months (composite of expenses for rent, mortgage, other shelter, and/or hotel/motel)(Will include measurements at 24 and 36 months after randomization)
Number of moves in prior 6 months(36 months after randomization)
Time series analysis of number of moves in prior 6 months(Times series will include measurements at baseline, 6 months, 12 months, 18 months, 24 months, 30 months, 36 months after randomization)
Number of moves out of Santa Clara County in prior 6 months(36 months after randomization)
Time series analysis of number of moves out of Santa Clara County in prior 6 months(Times series will include measurements at 6 months, 12 months, 18 months, 24 months, 30 months, 36 months after randomization)
Monthly household expenditures(Baseline, 6 months, 12 months, 18 months, 24 months, 27 months, 30 months, 36 months after randomization)
Physical well-being(36 months after randomization)
Change in physical well-being at baseline vs 36 months(Will include measurements at baseline and 36 months after randomization)
Change in physical well-being at 24 vs 36 months(Will include measurements at 24 and 36 months after randomization)
Psychological well-being(36 months after randomization)
Time series analysis of physical well-being(Times series will include measurements at baseline, 6 months, 12 months, 18 months, 24 months, 30 months, 36 months after randomization)
Change in physical well-being at baseline vs 24 months(Will include measurements at baseline and 24 months after randomization)
Time series analysis of psychological well-being(Times series will include measurements at baseline, 6 months, 12 months, 18 months, 24 months, 30 months, 36 months after randomization)
Change in psychological well-being at baseline vs 24 months(Will include measurements at baseline and 24 months after randomization)
Change in psychological well-being at baseline vs 36 months(Will include measurements at baseline and 36 months after randomization)
Change in psychological well-being at 24 vs 36 months(Will include measurements at 24 and 36 months after randomization)
Overcrowding(36 months after randomization)
Time series analysis of overcrowding(Times series will include measurements at baseline, 6 months, 12 months, 18 months, 24 months, 30 months, 36 months after randomization)
Change in overcrowding at baseline vs 24 months(Will include measurements at baseline and 24 months after randomization)
Change in overcrowding at baseline vs 36 months(Will include measurements at baseline and 36 months after randomization)
Change in overcrowding at 24 vs 36 months(Will include measurements at 24 and 36 months after randomization)
Housing quality(36 months after randomization)
Time series analysis of housing quality(Times series will include measurements at baseline, 6 months, 12 months, 18 months, 24 months, 27 months, 30 months, 36 months after randomization)
Change in housing quality from baseline to 24 months(Will include measurements from baseline and 24 months)
Change in housing quality from baseline to 36 months(Will include measurements from baseline and 36 months)
Change in housing quality from 24 to 36 months(Will include measurements from 24 and 36 months)
Housing quality: infrastructure and appliances(36 months after randomization)
Time series analysis of housing quality: infrastructure and appliances(Times series will include measurements at baseline, 6 months, 12 months, 18 months, 24 months, 27 months, 30 months, 36 months after randomization)
Change in housing quality: infrastructure and appliances from baseline to 24 months(Will include measurements from baseline and at 24 months)
Change in housing quality: infrastructure and appliances from baseline to 36 months(Will include measurements from baseline and at 36 months)
Change in housing quality: infrastructure and appliances from 24 to 36 months(Will include measurements from 24 months and at 36 months)
Housing quality: safety issues(36 months after randomization)
Time series analysis of housing quality: safety issues(Times series will include measurements at baseline, 6 months, 12 months, 18 months, 24 months, 27 months, 30 months, 36 months after randomization)
Change in housing quality: safety issues from baseline to 24 months(Will include measurements at baseline and at 24 months)
Change in housing quality: safety issues from baseline to 36 months(Will include measurements at baseline and at 36 months)
Change in housing quality: safety issues from 24 to 36 months(Will include measurements at 24 and 36 months)
Change in financial well-being (emergency expenses) at baseline vs 24 months(Will include measurements at baseline and 24 months after randomization)
Financial well-being(36 months after randomization)
Time series analysis of financial well-being(Times series will include measurements at baseline, 6 months, 12 months, 18 months, 24 months, 27 months, 30 months, 36 months after randomization)
Change in financial well-being from baseline to 24 months(Will include measurements at baseline and 24 months after randomization)
Change in financial well-being from baseline to 36 months(Will include measurements at baseline and 36 months after randomization)
Change in financial well-being from 24 to 36 months(Will include measurements at 24 and 36 months after randomization)
Financial well-being (emergency expenses)(36 months after randomization)
Time series analysis of financial well-being (emergency expenses)(Times series will include measurements at baseline, 6 months, 12 months, 18 months, 24 months, 27 months, 30 months, 36 months after randomization)
Change in financial well-being (emergency expenses) at baseline vs 36 months(Will include measurements at baseline and 36 months after randomization)
Change in financial well-being (emergency expenses) at 24 vs 36 months(Will include measurements at 24 and 36 months after randomization)
Financial well-being (larger emergency expenses)(36 months after randomization)
Time series analysis of financial well-being (larger emergency expenses)(Times series will include measurements at baseline, 6 months, 12 months, 18 months, 24 months, 27 months, 30 months, 36 months after randomization)
Change in financial well-being (larger emergency expenses) at baseline vs 24 months(Will include measurements at baseline and 24 months after randomization)
Change in financial well-being (larger emergency expenses) at baseline vs 36 months(Will include measurements at baseline and 36 months after randomization)
Change in financial well-being (larger emergency expenses) at 24 vs 36 months(Will include measurements at 24 and 36 months after randomization)
Financial well-being (monthly finances)(36 months after randomization)
Time series analysis of financial well-being (monthly finances)(Times series will include measurements at baseline, 6 months, 12 months, 18 months, 24 months, 27 months, 30 months, 36 months after randomization)
Change in financial well-being (monthly finances) at baseline vs 24 months(Will include measurements at baseline and 24 months after randomization)
Change in financial well-being (monthly finances) at baseline vs 36 months(Will include measurements at baseline and 36 months after randomization)
Change in financial well-being (monthly finances) at 24 vs 36 months(Will include measurements at 24 and 36 months after randomization)
Material hardship(36 months after randomization)
Time series analysis of material hardship(Times series will include measurements at baseline, 6 months, 12 months, 18 months, 24 months, 27 months, 30 months, 36 months after randomization)
Change in total debt to monthly income ratio at baseline vs 36 months(Will include measurements at baseline and 36 months after randomization)
Change in material hardship from baseline to 24 months(Will include measurements at baseline and 24 months after randomization)
Change in material hardship from baseline to 36 months(Will include measurements at baseline and 36 months after randomization)
Change in material hardship from 24 to 36 months(Will include measurements at 24 and 36 months after randomization)
Total debt to monthly income ratio(36 months after randomization)
Time series analysis of total debt to monthly income ratio(Times series will include measurements at baseline, 6 months, 12 months, 18 months, 24 months, 27 months, 30 months, 36 months after randomization)
Change in total debt to monthly income ratio at baseline vs 24 months(Will include measurements at baseline and 24 months after randomization)
Change in total debt to monthly income ratio at 24 vs 36 months(Will include measurements at 24 and 36 months after randomization)
Total debt(36 months)
Time series analysis of total debt(Times series will include measurements at baseline, 6 months, 12 months, 18 months, 24 months, 27 months, 30 months, 36 months after randomization)
Change in total debt at baseline vs 24 months(Will include measurements at baseline and 24 months after randomization)
Change in total debt at baseline vs 36 months(Will include measurements at baseline and 36 months after randomization)
Change in total debt at 24 vs 36 months(Will include measurements at 24 and 36 months after randomization)
Household food security(36 months after randomization)
Time series analysis of household food security(Times series will include measurements at baseline, 6 months, 12 months, 18 months, 24 months, 30 months, 36 months after randomization)
Change in household food security from baseline to 24 months(Will include measurements at baseline and 24 months after randomization)
Change in household food security from baseline to 36 months(Will include measurements at baseline and 36 months after randomization)
Change in household food security from 24 to 36 months(Will include measurements at 24 and 36 months after randomization)
Self-efficacy(36 months after randomization)
Time series analysis of self-efficacy(Times series will include measurements at baseline, 6 months, 12 months, 18 months, 24 months, 30 months, 36 months after randomization)
Change in self-efficacy at baseline vs 24 months(Will include measurements at baseline and 24 months after randomization)
Change in self-efficacy at baseline vs 36 months(Will include measurements at baseline and 36 months after randomization)
Change in self-efficacy at 24 vs 36 months(Will include measurements at 24 and 36 months after randomization)
Resilience(36 months after randomization)
Time series analysis of resilience(Times series will include measurements at baseline, 6 months, 12 months, 18 months, 24 months, 30 months, 36 months after randomization)
Change in resilience from baseline vs 24 months(Will include measurements at baseline and 24 months after randomization)
Change in resilience from baseline vs 36 months(Will include measurements at baseline and 36 months after randomization)
Change in resilience from 24 vs 36 months(Will include measurements at 24 and 36 months after randomization)
Perceived stress(36 months after randomization)
Time series analysis of perceived stress(Times series will include measurements at baseline, 6 months, 12 months, 18 months, 24 months, 30 months, 36 months after randomization)
Change in perceived stress at baseline vs 24 months(Will include measurements at baseline and 24 months after randomization)
Change in perceived stress at baseline vs 36 months(Will include measurements at baseline and 36 months after randomization)
Change in perceived stress at 24 vs 36 months(Will include measurements at 24 and 36 months after randomization)
Chaos, Hubbub and Order Scale (CHAOS)(36 months after randomization)
Time series analysis of Chaos, Hubbub and Order Scale (CHAOS)(Times series will include measurements at baseline, 6 months, 12 months, 18 months, 24 months, 30 months, 36 months after randomization)
Change in Chaos, Hubbub and Order Scale (CHAOS) at baseline vs 24 months(Will include measurements at baseline and 24 months after randomization)
Change in Chaos, Hubbub and Order Scale (CHAOS) at baseline vs 36 months(Will include measurements at baseline and 36 months after randomization)
Change in Chaos, Hubbub and Order Scale (CHAOS) at 24 vs 36 months(Will include measurements at 24 and 36 months after randomization)
Agency(36 months after randomization)
Time series analysis of agency(Times series will include measurements at baseline, 6 months, 12 months, 18 months, 24 months, 27 months, 30 months, 36 months after randomization)
Change in agency at baseline vs 24 months(Will include measurements at baseline and 24 months after randomization)
Change in agency at baseline vs 36 months(Will include measurements at baseline and 36 months after randomization)
Change in agency at 24 vs 36 months(Will include measurements at 24 and 36 months after randomization)
Number of days experiencing homelessness(At 6 months after randomization)
Number of days experiencing homelessness(At 12 months after randomization)
Number of days experiencing homelessness(At 18 months after randomization)
Number of days experiencing homelessness(At 27 months after randomization)
Number of days experiencing homelessness(At 30 months after randomization)
Proportion of families who obtain stable housing(At 6 months after randomization)
Proportion of families who obtain stable housing(At 12 months after randomization)
Proportion of families who obtain stable housing(At 18 months after randomization)
Proportion of families who retain stable housing after the end of the 24-month intervention period(At 27 months after randomization)
Proportion of families who retain stable housing after the end of the 24-month intervention period(At 30 months after randomization)
Days experiencing unsheltered homelessness in previous 6 months(At baseline)
Days experiencing unsheltered homelessness in previous 6 months(At 6 months after randomization)
Days experiencing unsheltered homelessness in previous 6 months(At 12 months after randomization)
Days experiencing unsheltered homelessness in previous 6 months(At 18 months after randomization)
Days experiencing unsheltered homelessness in previous 6 months(At 24 months after randomization)
Days experiencing unsheltered homelessness in previous 6 months(At 30 months after randomization)
Days residing in a hotel or motel in previous 6 months(Baseline)
Days residing in a hotel or motel in previous 6 months(6 months after randomization)
Days residing in a hotel or motel in previous 6 months(12 months after randomization)
Days residing in a hotel or motel in previous 6 months(18 months after randomization)
Days residing in a hotel or motel in previous 6 months(24 months after randomization)
Days residing in a hotel or motel in previous 6 months(30 months after randomization)
Proportion of families who are unleased(Baseline)
Proportion of families who are unleased(6 months after randomization)
Proportion of families who are unleased(12 months after randomization)
Proportion of families who are unleased(18 months after randomization)
Proportion of families who are unleased(24 months after randomization)
Proportion of families who are unleased(27 months after randomization)
Proportion of families who are unleased(30 months after randomization)
Days doubled up in previous 6 months(Baseline)
Days doubled up in previous 6 months(6 months after randomization)
Days doubled up in previous 6 months(12 months after randomization)
Days doubled up in previous 6 months(18 months after randomization)
Days doubled up in previous 6 months(24 months after randomization)
Days doubled up in previous 6 months(30 months after randomization)
Proportion of families experiencing any homelessness in previous 6 months(Baseline)
Proportion of families experiencing any homelessness in previous 6 months(6 months after randomization)
Proportion of families experiencing any homelessness in previous 6 months(12 months after randomization)
Proportion of families experiencing any homelessness in previous 6 months(18 months after randomization)
Proportion of families experiencing any homelessness in previous 6 months(24 months after randomization)
Proportion of families experiencing any homelessness in previous 6 months(30 months after randomization)
Proportion of families experiencing unsheltered homelessness in previous 6 months(Baseline)
Proportion of families experiencing unsheltered homelessness in previous 6 months(6 months after randomization)
Proportion of families experiencing unsheltered homelessness in previous 6 months(12 months after randomization)
Proportion of families experiencing unsheltered homelessness in previous 6 months(18 months after randomization)
Proportion of families experiencing unsheltered homelessness in previous 6 months(24 months after randomization)
Proportion of families experiencing unsheltered homelessness in previous 6 months(30 months after randomization)
Proportion of families residing in a hotel or motel in previous 6 months(Baseline)
Proportion of families residing in a hotel or motel in previous 6 months(6 months after randomization)
Proportion of families residing in a hotel or motel in previous 6 months(12 months after randomization)
Proportion of families residing in a hotel or motel in previous 6 months(18 months after randomization)
Proportion of families residing in a hotel or motel in previous 6 months(24 months after randomization)
Proportion of families residing in a hotel or motel in previous 6 months(30 months after randomization)
Proportion of families doubled up in previous 6 months(Baseline)
Proportion of families doubled up in previous 6 months(6 months after randomization)
Proportion of families doubled up in previous 6 months(12 months after randomization)
Proportion of families doubled up in previous 6 months(18 months after randomization)
Proportion of families doubled up in previous 6 months(24 months after randomization)
Proportion of families doubled up in previous 6 months(30 months after randomization)
Total proportion of families returning to a homeless shelter(24 months after randomization)
Total proportion of families living in a homeless shelter(Baseline)
Total proportion of families living in a homeless shelter(24 months after randomization)
Proportion of monthly income spent on housing-related expenses (composite of expenses for rent, mortgage, other shelter, and/or hotel/motel)(Baseline)
Proportion of monthly income spent on housing-related expenses (composite of expenses for rent, mortgage, other shelter, and/or hotel/motel)(6 months after randomization)
Proportion of monthly income spent on housing-related expenses (composite of expenses for rent, mortgage, other shelter, and/or hotel/motel)(12 months after randomization)
Proportion of monthly income spent on housing-related expenses (composite of expenses for rent, mortgage, other shelter, and/or hotel/motel)(18 months after randomization)
Proportion of monthly income spent on housing-related expenses (composite of expenses for rent, mortgage, other shelter, and/or hotel/motel)(24 months after randomization)
Proportion of monthly income spent on housing-related expenses (composite of expenses for rent, mortgage, other shelter, and/or hotel/motel)(27 months after randomization)
Proportion of monthly income spent on housing-related expenses (composite of expenses for rent, mortgage, other shelter, and/or hotel/motel)(30 months after randomization)
Number of moves in prior 6 months(Baseline)
Number of moves in prior 6 months(6 months after randomization)
Number of moves in prior 6 months(12 months after randomization)
Number of moves in prior 6 months(18 months after randomization)
Number of moves in prior 6 months(24 months after randomization)
Number of moves in prior 6 months(30 months after randomization)
Number of moves out of Santa Clara County in prior 6 months(6 months after randomization)
Number of moves out of Santa Clara County in prior 6 months(12 months after randomization)
Number of moves out of Santa Clara County in prior 6 months(18 months after randomization)
Number of moves out of Santa Clara County in prior 6 months(24 months after randomization)
Number of moves out of Santa Clara County in prior 6 months(30 months after randomization)
Physical well-being(Baseline)
Physical well-being(6 months after randomization)
Physical well-being(12 months after randomization)
Physical well-being(18 months after randomization)
Physical well-being(24 months after randomization)
Physical well-being(27 months after randomization)
Physical well-being(30 months after randomization)
Psychological well-being(Baseline)
Psychological well-being(6 months after randomization)
Psychological well-being(12 months after randomization)
Psychological well-being(18 months after randomization)
Psychological well-being(24 months after randomization)
Psychological well-being(27 months after randomization)
Psychological well-being(30 months after randomization)
Overcrowding(Baseline)
Overcrowding(6 months after randomization)
Overcrowding(12 months after randomization)
Overcrowding(18 months after randomization)
Overcrowding(24 months after randomization)
Overcrowding(27 months after randomization)
Overcrowding(30 months after randomization)
Housing quality(Baseline)
Housing quality(6 months after randomization)
Housing quality(12 months after randomization)
Housing quality(18 months after randomization)
Housing quality(24 months after randomization)
Housing quality(27 months after randomization)
Housing quality(30 months after randomization)
Housing quality: infrastructure and appliances(Baseline)
Housing quality: infrastructure and appliances(6 months after randomization)
Housing quality: infrastructure and appliances(12 months after randomization)
Housing quality: infrastructure and appliances(18 months after randomization)
Housing quality: infrastructure and appliances(24 months after randomization)
Housing quality: infrastructure and appliances(27 months after randomization)
Housing quality: infrastructure and appliances(30 months after randomization)
Housing quality: safety issues(Baseline)
Housing quality: safety issues(6 months after randomization)
Housing quality: safety issues(12 months after randomization)
Housing quality: safety issues(18 months after randomization)
Housing quality: safety issues(24 months after randomization)
Housing quality: safety issues(27 months after randomization)
Housing quality: safety issues(30 months after randomization)
Financial well-being(Baseline)
Financial well-being(6 months after randomization)
Financial well-being(12 months after randomization)
Financial well-being(18 months after randomization)
Financial well-being(24 months after randomization)
Financial well-being(27 months after randomization)
Financial well-being(30 months after randomization)
Financial well-being (emergency expenses)(Baseline)
Financial well-being (emergency expenses)(6 months after randomization)
Financial well-being (emergency expenses)(12 months after randomization)
Financial well-being (emergency expenses)(18 months after randomization)
Financial well-being (emergency expenses)(24 months after randomization)
Financial well-being (emergency expenses)(27 months after randomization)
Financial well-being (emergency expenses)(30 months after randomization)
Financial well-being (larger emergency expenses)(Baseline)
Financial well-being (larger emergency expenses)(6 months after randomization)
Financial well-being (larger emergency expenses)(12 months after randomization)
Financial well-being (larger emergency expenses)(18 months after randomization)
Financial well-being (larger emergency expenses)(24 months after randomization)
Financial well-being (larger emergency expenses)(27 months after randomization)
Financial well-being (larger emergency expenses)(30 months after randomization)
Financial well-being (monthly finances)(Baseline)
Financial well-being (monthly finances)(6 months after randomization)
Financial well-being (monthly finances)(12 months after randomization)
Financial well-being (monthly finances)(18 months after randomization)
Financial well-being (monthly finances)(24 months after randomization)
Financial well-being (monthly finances)(27 months after randomization)
Financial well-being (monthly finances)(30 months after randomization)
Material hardship(Baseline)
Material hardship(6 months after randomization)
Material hardship(12 months after randomization)
Material hardship(18 months after randomization)
Material hardship(24 months after randomization)
Material hardship(27 months after randomization)
Total debt to monthly income ratio(12 months after randomization)
Material hardship(30 months after randomization)
Total debt to monthly income ratio(Baseline)
Total debt to monthly income ratio(6 months after randomization)
Total debt to monthly income ratio(18 months after randomization)
Total debt to monthly income ratio(24 months after randomization)
Total debt to monthly income ratio(27 months after randomization)
Total debt to monthly income ratio(30 months after randomization)
Total debt(Baseline)
Total debt(6 months)
Total debt(12 months)
Total debt(18 months)
Total debt(24 months)
Total debt(27 months)
Total debt(30 months)
Household food security(Baseline)
Household food security(6 months after randomization)
Household food security(12 months after randomization)
Household food security(18 months after randomization)
Household food security(24 months after randomization)
Household food security(27 months after randomization)
Household food security(30 months after randomization)
Self-efficacy(Baseline)
Self-efficacy(6 months after randomization)
Self-efficacy(12 months after randomization)
Self-efficacy(18 months after randomization)
Self-efficacy(24 months after randomization)
Self-efficacy(27 months after randomization)
Self-efficacy(30 months after randomization)
Resilience(Baseline)
Resilience(6 months after randomization)
Resilience(12 months after randomization)
Resilience(18 months after randomization)
Resilience(24 months after randomization)
Resilience(27 months after randomization)
Resilience(30 months after randomization)
Perceived stress(Baseline)
Perceived stress(6 months after randomization)
Perceived stress(12 months after randomization)
Perceived stress(18 months after randomization)
Perceived stress(24 months after randomization)
Perceived stress(27 months after randomization)
Perceived stress(30 months after randomization)
Chaos, Hubbub and Order Scale (CHAOS)(Baseline)
Chaos, Hubbub and Order Scale (CHAOS)(6 months after randomization)
Chaos, Hubbub and Order Scale (CHAOS)(12 months after randomization)
Chaos, Hubbub and Order Scale (CHAOS)(18 months after randomization)
Chaos, Hubbub and Order Scale (CHAOS)(24 months after randomization)
Chaos, Hubbub and Order Scale (CHAOS)(27 months after randomization)
Chaos, Hubbub and Order Scale (CHAOS)(30 months after randomization)
Agency(Baseline)
Agency(6 months after randomization)
Agency(12 months after randomization)
Agency(18 months after randomization)
Agency(24 months after randomization)
Agency(27 months after randomization)
Agency(30 months after randomization)