Pictorial Warning Labels and Memory for Cigarette Health-risk Information Over Time
Trial Snapshot
- Phase
- Phase 3
- Status
- Completed
- Sponsor
- Ohio State University
- Enrollment
- 4,424
- Primary Endpoint
- graphic warning label recall
Study Overview
Brief Summary
Pictorial cigarette warning labels (PWLs) are thought to increase risk knowledge, but experimental research has not examined PWLs' longer term effects on memory for health risks. This trial tests memory for health risks immediately or after a six-week delay for US-representative adult smokers, US-representative teen smokers/vulnerable smokers, and Appalachian-representative adult smokers. In addition, the trial tests the effects of different warning label components and the consequences of memory for labels on risk perceptions and quit intentions.
Study Design
- Study Type
- Interventional
- Allocation
- Randomized
- Intervention Model
- Factorial
- Primary Purpose
- Prevention
Eligibility Criteria
- Ages
- 14 Years to 65 Years (Child, Adult, Older Adult)
- Sex
- All
- Accepts Healthy Volunteers
- Yes
Inclusion Criteria
- •19-65 years old (adult samples)
- •have smoked 100+ lifetime cigarettes (adult samples)
- •currently smoke "every day" or "some days." (adult samples)
- •14-18 years old (teen sample)
- •have ever smoked a cigarette (teen sample)
Exclusion Criteria
- •have not ever smoked a cigarette (all samples)
Arms & Interventions
Text-only PWL, immediate post
Exposure to 9 FDA-mandated warning labels
Posttest measures (e.g., memory, risk perceptions, quit intentions) administered immediately following last exposure to warning labels
Intervention: Text-only PWL (Behavioral)
Text-only PWL, immediate post
Exposure to 9 FDA-mandated warning labels
Posttest measures (e.g., memory, risk perceptions, quit intentions) administered immediately following last exposure to warning labels
Intervention: Immediate posttest (Behavioral)
Text-only PWL, delay posttest
Exposure to 9 FDA-mandated warning labels
Posttest measures (e.g., memory, risk perceptions, quit intentions) administered 6 weeks after last exposure to warning labels
Intervention: Text-only PWL (Behavioral)
Text-only PWL, delay posttest
Exposure to 9 FDA-mandated warning labels
Posttest measures (e.g., memory, risk perceptions, quit intentions) administered 6 weeks after last exposure to warning labels
Intervention: delay posttest (Behavioral)
Low-emot PWL, immediate posttest
Exposure to 9 warning labels paired with image that elicited little emotion
Posttest measures (e.g., memory, risk perceptions, quit intentions) administered immediately following last exposure to warning labels
Intervention: Low-emot PWL (Behavioral)
Low-emot PWL, immediate posttest
Exposure to 9 warning labels paired with image that elicited little emotion
Posttest measures (e.g., memory, risk perceptions, quit intentions) administered immediately following last exposure to warning labels
Intervention: Immediate posttest (Behavioral)
Low-emot PWL, delay posttest
Exposure to 9 warning labels paired with image that elicited little emotion
Posttest measures (e.g., memory, risk perceptions, quit intentions) administered 6 weeks after last exposure to warning labels
Intervention: delay posttest (Behavioral)
Low-emot PWL, delay posttest
Exposure to 9 warning labels paired with image that elicited little emotion
Posttest measures (e.g., memory, risk perceptions, quit intentions) administered 6 weeks after last exposure to warning labels
Intervention: Low-emot PWL (Behavioral)
High-emot PWL, immediate posttest
Exposure to 9 warning labels paired with image that elicited high emotion
Posttest measures (e.g., memory, risk perceptions, quit intentions) administered immediately following last exposure to warning labels
Intervention: High-emot PWL (Behavioral)
High-emot PWL, immediate posttest
Exposure to 9 warning labels paired with image that elicited high emotion
Posttest measures (e.g., memory, risk perceptions, quit intentions) administered immediately following last exposure to warning labels
Intervention: Immediate posttest (Behavioral)
High-emot PWL, delay posttest
Exposure to 9 warning labels paired with image that elicited high emotion
Posttest measures (e.g., memory, risk perceptions, quit intentions) administered 6 weeks after last exposure to warning labels
Intervention: High-emot PWL (Behavioral)
High-emot PWL, delay posttest
Exposure to 9 warning labels paired with image that elicited high emotion
Posttest measures (e.g., memory, risk perceptions, quit intentions) administered 6 weeks after last exposure to warning labels
Intervention: delay posttest (Behavioral)
Outcomes
Primary Outcomes
graphic warning label recall
Time Frame: immediately following last exposure or after 6-week delay
free recall for risk information presented in labels (9 text boxes, 1 for each label; coded for exact or equivalent words)
smoking risk recognition
Time Frame: immediately following last exposure or after 6-week delay
Participants were subsequently shown twenty-six negative health effects and asked "Which of the following health effects were mentioned in the warnings we showed you?" and responded "Yes, I saw this health effect" or "No, I did not see this health effect." Fourteen risks were mentioned in the warnings (e.g., cancer, harms children, emphysema); six were risks of smoking not presented in the warnings (e.g., wrinkles, diabetes), and six were not risks of smoking (e.g., acne, thyroid problems).
Secondary Outcomes
- smoking risk perceptions(immediately following last exposure or after 6-week delay)
- quit intentions(immediately following last exposure or after 6-week delay)
Investigators
Ellen Peters
Professor
Ohio State University