A Phase I/II, Open-Label Trial to Evaluate the Safety, Tolerability, Pharmacokinetics and Antiviral Activity of Etravirine (ETR) in Antiretroviral (ARV) Treatment-Experienced HIV-1 Infected Infants and Children, Aged ≥ 2 Months to < 6 Years
Trial Snapshot
- Phase
- Phase 1
- Status
- Completed
- Enrollment
- 26
- Locations
- 11
- Primary Endpoint
- Termination From Treatment Due to a Suspected Adverse Drug Reaction (SADR)
Study Overview
Brief Summary
Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) are widely used as part of combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) for infants and children, but NNRTI resistance is increasing, leading to treatment failure. This study tested the safety, tolerability, and dosing levels of etravirine (ETR), a new NNRTI.
Detailed Description
Use of NNRTI-based regimens as initial therapy for HIV-infected children is increasing, especially in areas where newborns exposed to HIV-1 receive single-dose nevirapine (NVP) as part of prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) regimens and/or daily NVP for prevention of transmission through breastfeeding. First-generation NNRTIs have a low genetic barrier to the development of resistance; in two of the most widely used NNRTIs, NVP and efavirenz (EFV), even a single amino acid mutation in the virus can lead to a reduction in the drug's effectiveness. Even short-term use of these NNRTIs, including only a single dose of NVP, can cause NNRTI resistance. Second-generation NNRTIs are needed as part of ARV regimens for newly diagnosed infants and children who have been exposed to single-dose NVP or who have failed their current antiretroviral (ARV) regimens. In this study, the second-generation NNRTI ETR was tested for safety, tolerability, and appropriate dosing.
Children were assigned to one of three cohorts based on age:
- Cohort I: At least 2 but younger than 6 years of age
- Cohort II: At least 1 but younger than 2 years of age
- Cohort III: At least 2 months but younger than 1 year of age
Children in all three cohorts were treatment experienced, defined as being on a failing combination ARV regimen (containing at least 3 ARVs) for at least 8 weeks or having a treatment interruption of at least 4 weeks with a history of virologic failure while on a combination ARV regimen (containing at least 3 ARVs).
Children received ETR together with an optimized background regimen (OBR) consisting of at least 2 active agents (a boosted protease inhibitor [PI] and at least 1 additional active ARV drug). OBR were based on clinical status, treatment history, resistance data, and availability of appropriate pediatric dosing and formulations. The children received an oral dose of ETR twice daily.
Study Design
- Study Type
- Interventional
- Allocation
- Non Randomized
- Intervention Model
- Parallel
- Primary Purpose
- Treatment
- Masking
- None
Eligibility Criteria
- Ages
- 2 Months to 6 Years (Child)
- Sex
- All
- Accepts Healthy Volunteers
- No
Inclusion Criteria
- •Confirmed HIV-1 infection as described in the protocol
- •NOTE: Children who were born at or sooner than 37 weeks gestational age must be at least 12 weeks of age and at least 46 weeks post-conceptual age at study entry.
- •HIV-1 RNA viral load greater than 1,000 copies/mL (within the previous 90 days prior to screening) and an HIV-1 RNA viral load greater than 1,000 copies/mL at screening
- •Treatment-experienced children on a failing combination antiretroviral (ARV) regimen (containing at least three ARVs) for at least 8 weeks; OR, treatment-experienced children on a treatment interruption of at least 4 weeks with a history of virologic failure while on a combination ARV regimen (containing at least three ARVs)
- •Ability to swallow etravirine (ETR) whole or dispersed in an appropriate liquid
- •Parent or legal guardian able and willing to provide signed informed consent and to have the child followed at the clinic site
- •Availability of sufficient active ARV drugs to create an optimized background regimen (OBR) consistent with protocol requirements
Exclusion Criteria
- •Evidence of phenotypic resistance to ETR at screening (phenotypic cutoffs of greater than 10 for loss of sensitivity for cohorts I, II, III)
- •Known history of HIV-2 infection in child or child's mother
- •Diagnosis of a new Centers for Disease Control (CDC) Stage C (per 1994 Revised Classification System for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection in Children Less than 13 Years of Age) criteria or opportunistic or bacterial infection diagnosed within 30 days prior to screening and not considered clinically stable
- •Prior history of malignancy
- •Any clinically significant diseases (other than HIV infection) or clinically significant findings during the screening medical history or physical examination that in the investigator's opinion would place the child at an unacceptable risk of injury, render the child unable to meet the requirements of the protocol, compromise the outcome of this study, or lead to the child being ineligible for participation
- •Current Grade 3 or higher of any of the following laboratory toxicities at screening: neutrophil count, hemoglobin, platelets, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), lipase, or serum creatinine.
- •Current or anticipated use of any disallowed medications (listed in the protocol)
- •Child's family is unlikely to adhere to the study procedures or keep appointments or is planning to relocate to a non-IMPAACT study site during the study
- •History of nonadherence with ARV medications that in the investigator's opinion could affect the ability of the child to comply with the protocol/procedures
- •Child is currently participating, or has participated within the previous 30 days prior to screening, in a study with a compound or device that is not commercially available
- •Grade 3 or higher QTc or PR interval prolongation from the electrocardiogram (ECG) at screening. More information on this criterion can be found in the protocol.
Arms & Interventions
Cohort I: Treatment experienced, 2 to 6 years of age
Children in this arm were at least 2 but younger than 6 years of age; they received the study drug etravirine (ETR) together with an optimized background regimen (OBR) consisting of one active boosted protease inhibitor (PI) and at least one other active antiretroviral (ARV) drug.
Intervention: Etravirine (ETR) (Drug)
Cohort II: Treatment experienced, 1 to 2 years of age
Children in this arm were at least 1 but younger than 2 years of age; they received ETR together with an OBR consisting of one active boosted PI and at least one other active ARV drug.
Intervention: Etravirine (ETR) (Drug)
Cohort III: Treatment experienced, 2 months to 1 year of age
Children in this arm were at least 2 months but younger than 1 year of age; they received ETR together with an OBR consisting of one active boosted PI and at least one other active ARV drug.
Intervention: Etravirine (ETR) (Drug)
Outcomes
Primary Outcomes
Termination From Treatment Due to a Suspected Adverse Drug Reaction (SADR)
Time Frame: From baseline to occurrence of event, up to Week 48.
Number (%) of participants who discontinued treatment due to a suspected adverse drug reaction (SADR) by Cohort.
Adverse Events (AEs) of Grade 3 or Higher Severity
Time Frame: From baseline to occurrence of event, up to Week 48.
Number (%) of participants who experienced a Grade 3 or higher severity adverse event through Week 48 by Cohort, with Clopper-Pearson confidence intervals.
Death
Time Frame: From baseline to occurrence of event, up to Week 48.
Number (%) of deaths on study by Cohort.
Area Under the Plasma Concentration-Time Curve Over 12 Hours of ETR
Time Frame: Pre-dose, 1, 2, 4, 6, 9, and 12 hours post-dose measured at intensive PK visit (within 7-10 days after last dose of study drug administration)
Geometric Mean (Standard Deviation) of the area under the plasma concentration-time curve over 12 hours (AUC12h) of ETR.
Secondary Outcomes
- AEs of Grade 3 or Higher Severity Judged to be at Least Possibly Attributable to the Study Medications(From baseline to occurrence of event, up to Week 48.)
- HIV-1 RNA Virologic Failure Status at Weeks 24 and 48(Baseline, Week 24, and Week 48)
- Treatment Discontinued Due to Toxicity or Virologic Failure(From baseline to occurrence of event, up to Week 48.)
- Change in Optimized Background Regimen Due to Virologic Failure(Measured at entry and at Weeks 8, 12, 24, and 48)
- New Onset Opportunistic Infection (OI) or AIDS Diagnosis(From baseline to occurrence of event, up to Week 48.)
- Decline in Absolute CD4 Percent of Greater Than 5 Percent Any Time After 12 Weeks of Therapy(Measured at baseline and at Weeks 12, 24, and 48)