The Effect of Exercise on Neurorecovery Following Mild Traumatic Brain Injury

Change in Symptom Score on the Sport Concussion Assessment Tool (SCAT3)

时间窗: Baseline and up to day 8

Obtained from the 22-item symptom evaluation included in the Sport Concussion Assessment Tool (SCAT3). The participant's present experience of each symptom is rated on a likert scale from 0 (none) to 6 (severe). The symptom score represents how many symptoms the participant endorses experiencing at a level greater than 0 (maximum 22 points).

Change in auditory-linguistic memory

时间窗: Baseline and up to day 8

Measured by the Wechsler Memory Scale, 3rd Edition (WMS-III), Logical Memory subtests. Two stories are read to participants and then they are asked to freely recall items after a short and a long delay. A recognition trial is administered following the long delay.

Change in visual memory

时间窗: Baseline and up to day 8

Measured by the Wechsler Memory Scale, 3rd Edition (WMS-III), Visual Reproduction subtest. Participants are asked to draw abstract figures from memory at different time intervals. The subtest assesses the following visual memory skills: immediate free recall, long delayed free recall and a long delayed recognition.

Change in Symptom Severity on the Sport Concussion Assessment Tool (SCAT3)

时间窗: Baseline and up to day 8

Symptom evaluation included in the Sport Concussion Assessment Tool (SCAT3). The participant's present experience of each symptom is rated on a likert scale from 0 (none) to 6 (severe). The symptom severity represents the total summed severity ratings for all symptoms (maximum 132 points).

Change in postural stability

时间窗: Baseline and up to day 8

The Balance Error Scoring System (BESS) will be used to measure postural stability, which is sensitive to deficits in balance following mild head injury. A modified version of (SCAT3) will be used. It includes three different stances, double leg, single leg, and tandem stance. A point is added for committing an error during the test interval and if the participant is unable to maintain his or her balance for more than 5 seconds, the trial is discontinued and maximum points are awarded. The total score ranges from 0 (better postural stability) to 30 (worse postural stability).

Change in verbal learning and memory

时间窗: Baseline and up to day 8

Measured by the California Verbal Learning Test, 2nd Edition (CVLT-II). This test measures word recall and assesses the following skills: immediate recall, short delay free recall, short delay cued recall, long delay free recall, long delay cued recall, and long delay recognition.

Change in psychomotor/executive functioning

时间窗: Baseline and up to day 8

Measured by the Delis-Kaplan Executive Functioning System (D-KEFS), Trail Making Test. The test consists of five different conditions where participants are asked to draw trails according to specified rules.

Change in problem solving and abstract reasoning

时间窗: Baseline and up to day 8

Measured by the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST). Initially, a number of stimulus cards are presented to the participant. The participant is told to match the cards, but not how to match; however, he or she is told whether a particular match is right or wrong. A total of 128 cards are played.

Change in sleep quality

时间窗: Baseline and up to day 8

Obtained from the Medical Outcomes Sleep Scale (MOS). This measure has 12 items and asks the participant to rate different aspects of their sleep experiences and sleep quality. The first two questions inquire about sleep times and the remaining questions utilize a likert scale ranging from 1 (all of the time) to 6 (none of the time). Some items are reverse scored and the scale yields several subscale measures, so scoring rules depend on the specific subscale.

Change in sustained and selective attention

时间窗: Baseline and up to day 8

Measured by the Ruff 2 \& 7 Selective Attention Test. The test consists of a series of 20 trials of a visual search and cancellation task. The participant detects and marks through all occurrences of the two target digits: "2" and "7." In the 10 Automatic Detection trials, the target digits are embedded among alphabetical letters that serve as distractors. In the 10 Controlled Search trials, the target digits are embedded among other numbers that serve as distractors. Correct hits and errors are counted for each trial and serve as the basis for scoring the test.

Change in word-fluency

时间窗: Baseline and up to day 8

Measured by the Controlled Oral Word Association (COWA). Participants are asked to say as many words beginning with a specified letter as they can in a one minute time period. Three trials with different letters are administered.

Change in semantic fluency

时间窗: Baseline and up to day 8

Measured by the Verbal Fluency Test - Categories. Participants are asked to say as many items belonging to a specified semantic category as they can in a one minute time period.

Change in attention

时间窗: Baseline and up to day 8

Measured by the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, 3rd Edition (WAIS-III), Digit Span subtest. Participants are asked to repeat digit strings that are verbally administered exactly as they hear them (digits forward) or to repeat them backwards (digits backward).

Change in processing speed

时间窗: Baseline and up to day 8

Measured by the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, 3rd Edition (WAIS-III), Digit Symbol-Coding subtest. Participants are given three minutes to draw symbols as quickly and as accurately as possible according to a key code.

Change in depression symptoms

时间窗: Baseline and up to day 8

Measured by the Beck Depression Inventory, 2nd Edition (BDI-II), which is a self-report questionnaire with 21 multiple choice items. The total score ranges from 0 to 63 with higher numbers indicating greater severity of depression symptoms.

Change in anxiety symptoms

时间窗: Baseline and up to day 8

Measured by the State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), which is a self-report questionnaire with 40 questions on a 4-point likert scale. The STAI measures two types of anxiety - state and trait scores. Higher scores are positively correlated with higher levels of anxiety.

Change in working memory and attention

时间窗: Baseline and up to day 8

Measured by the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT). Participants are read a series of numbers at specified time intervals. The participants are instructed to add the number to the preceding number and continue adding them together until the end of the trial. Four trials with 50 items each are administered with a 30 second break in between.