Rituximab for Treatment of Systemic Sclerosis-Associated Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (SSc-PAH)

Phase 2

Completed

Conditions: Systemic Sclerosis-Associated PAH

Interventions: Biological: Rituximab
Other: Placebo
Diagnostic Test: CMRI
Drug: prednisone
Drug: methylprednisolone
Drug: diphenhydramine
Drug: acetaminophen

Registration Number: NCT01086540

Lead Sponsor: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)

Brief Summary: Systemic sclerosis-associated pulmonary arterial hypertension (SSc-PAH) is a serious, life-threatening manifestation of systemic sclerosis (SSc), an autoimmune disease of the connective tissue characterized by scarring (fibrosis) and atrophy of the skin, joints and tendons, skeletal muscles, and internal organs, and immunological disturbances. One-year survival for patients with SSc-PAH ranges from 50-81%. There is currently no cure for SSc-PAH and treatment is limited to vasodilator therapy used in all forms of PAH. In recent studies, immunotherapy was shown to be effective in treating SSc-interstitial lung disease, another serious, life-threatening manifestation of SSc. In addition, there are compelling pre-clinical data and anecdotal clinical reports that suggest modulation of the immune system may be an effective strategy for treating SSc-PAH. To test this approach, this trial will determine if rituximab, an immunotherapy, has a marked beneficial effect on clinical disease progression, with minimal toxicity, in patients with SSc-PAH when compared to placebo.

Detailed Description: This prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multi-center, randomized trial will evaluate the effect of rituximab on disease progression in subjects with SSc-PAH receiving concurrent stable-dose standard medical therapy with a prostanoid, endothelin receptor antagonist, and/or phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE-5) inhibitor. The study will focus on assessment of clinical response and safety measures longitudinally. In addition, the effects of treatment with rituximab on the underlying immune mechanisms associated with B-cell dysregulation and pathogenic autoantibody response in this disease will be investigated. 1000 mg of rituximab or placebo will be administered as two IV infusions given two weeks apart. Clinical assessments and sample collection will occur at monthly visits through Week 48. If a participant has not recovered B cells by Week 48, B cell studies will be conducted quarterly until reconstitution is documented or for 2 years after initial treatment.

This trial will include a sub-study, entitled "Right Ventricular Response to Rituximab in Systemic Sclerosis-Associated Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension - A Magnetic Resonance Imaging Sub-study" (RESTORE Sub-study). The objective of the RESTORE sub-study is to evaluate the therapeutic effect of rituximab on the right ventricle of patients with SSc-PAH. Changes in right ventricular end diastolic volume index (RVEDVI) and stroke volume (SV) determined by cardiac MRI will be used as surrogates of right ventricle function and prognosis. Enrollment for the RESTORE sub-study will parallel that of main trial. Twenty patients from each treatment arm, distributed among all participating sites, will be recruited for this sub-study. Each patient will be studied at baseline (i.e. prior to initiation of study drug) and after 24 weeks or at time of discontinuation. In addition to the data collection and testing specified in the main trial, participants in RESTORE will undergo comprehensive cardiac MRI evaluation. All main trial study inclusion and exclusion criteria apply, as well as additional exclusion criteria that pertain only to the RESTORE sub-study: 1) known hypersensitivity to Gadolinium; 2) inability to tolerate or cooperate with MRI; 3) morbid obesity; and 4) presence of metallic objects or pacemakers.

Recruitment & Eligibility

Status: COMPLETED

Sex: All

Target Recruitment: 57

Inclusion Criteria

Subject has provided written informed consent.
Clinical diagnosis of systemic sclerosis (either limited or diffuse cutaneous disease).
Diagnosis of SSc-PAH within the past 5 years, with a mean pulmonary arterial pressure of ≥ 25 mmHg at entry.
Mean Pulmonary Vascular Resistance (PVR) of > 3 Wood units.
Screening 6-minute Walking Distance (6MWD) of at least 100 meters.
New York Heart Association (NYHA) Functional Class II, III, or IV.
Subject must be able to maintain O2 saturation ≥ 90% at rest (with or without oxygen);

--Oxygen use is permitted.
Subject must be vaccinated with the pneumococcal vaccine at least one month prior to initiation of therapy, unless subject was vaccinated within 5 years of study entry.
Subject must have been treated with background medical therapy for PAH (prostanoid, endothelin receptor antagonist, PDE-5 inhibitor, and/or guanylate cyclase stimulators) for a minimum of 8 weeks and have been on stable dose medical therapy for at least 4 weeks prior to randomization with no expectation of change for 24 weeks after randomization.

Exclusion Criteria

Documented PAH for greater than 5 years at the time of randomization defined as:
- Measurement of a mean Pulmonary Artery Pressure (PAP) > 25 mmHg by right heart catheterization at least 5 years previously, OR
- Treatment with targeted background PAH therapy for > 5 years.
Pulmonary Capillary Wedge Pressure > 15 mmHg or Left Ventricular End Diastolic Pressure > 15 mmHg.
Persistent hypotension with Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP) < 90 mmHg.
Treatment with cyclophosphamide within 4 weeks of randomization.
Treatment with immunocompromising biologic agents within 4 weeks prior to treatment initiation or treatment with infliximab within 8 weeks prior to treatment initiation.
If being treated with a non-biologic immunosuppressive or immunomodulating drug, changes in dosage within 4 weeks prior to randomization. Subjects taking prednisone or equivalent corticosteroid > 10mg daily are excluded.
Previous exposure to any lymphocyte or B cell depleting agent.
PAH for any reason other than SSc.
History of coronary artery disease, significant ventricular tachy-arrhythmia, stent placement, coronary artery bypass surgery, and/or myocardial infarction.
Moderate or severe interstitial lung disease.
Chronic infections.
Positive serology for infection with hepatitis B or C.
A deep space infection within the past 2 years.
Evidence of active infection within 2 weeks of randomization
Presence of a positive tuberculosis (TB) skin test (e.g., PPD test) or positive QuantiFERON®-TB blood test, an indeterminate QuantiFERON®-TB blood test, or latent tuberculosis (TB).
Significant renal insufficiency.
Active, untreated SSc renal crisis at the time of enrollment.
Recent administration of a live vaccine (< 8 weeks) or any other immunization within 4 weeks of treatment.
History of anaphylaxis or Immunoglobulin E (IgE) -mediated hypersensitivity to murine proteins or any component of rituximab.
Pregnancy.
Lactation.
History of malignancy within the last 5 years, except for resected basal or squamous cell carcinoma, treated cervical dysplasia, or treated in situ cervical cancer Grade I.
A woman of childbearing potential who is unwilling to use a medically acceptable form of birth control
History of non-compliance with other medical therapies.
History of alcohol or drug abuse within 1 year of randomization.
Receipt of any investigational drug or device within 4 weeks before the Screening Visit, with the exception of investigational prostanoids, endothelin receptor antagonists, and PDE-5 inhibitors, and guanylate cyclase stimulators.
Recipient of lung transplant.
Laboratory parameters at the screening visit showing any of the following abnormal results: Transaminases > 2x the upper limit of normal (ULN) and/or bilirubin > 2x ULN; Absolute neutrophil count < 1,500/mm^3; Platelet count < 100,000/mm^3; Hemoglobin < 9 g/dL.
Concurrent treatment in a clinical research study using a non-FDA approved agent with the exception of an open-label study/study extension of investigational prostanoids, endothelin receptor antagonists, and PDE-5 inhibitors, and guanylate cyclase stimulators, provided the open-label investigational drug will be available and dose will remain stable through the trial's primary outcome time point of 24 weeks after randomization in this study, ASC01 (NCT01086540).
Any condition or treatment, which in the opinion of the investigator, places the subject at unacceptable risk as a participant in the trial.

Study & Design

Study Type: INTERVENTIONAL

Study Design: PARALLEL

Arm && Interventions

Group	Intervention	Description
Rituximab+PAH SOC	Rituximab	Rituximab (1000 mg) will be administered as 2 intravenous infusions given 2 weeks apart. Concurrent stable-dose Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH) medical therapy will be continued/managed as per standard of care (PAH SOC).
Rituximab+PAH SOC	CMRI	Rituximab (1000 mg) will be administered as 2 intravenous infusions given 2 weeks apart. Concurrent stable-dose Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH) medical therapy will be continued/managed as per standard of care (PAH SOC).
Placebo + PAH SOC	Placebo	Placebo will be administered as 2 intravenous infusions given 2 weeks apart. Concurrent stable-dose Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH) medical therapy will be continued/managed as per standard of care (PAH SOC).
Placebo + PAH SOC	CMRI	Placebo will be administered as 2 intravenous infusions given 2 weeks apart. Concurrent stable-dose Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH) medical therapy will be continued/managed as per standard of care (PAH SOC).
Rituximab+PAH SOC	prednisone	Rituximab (1000 mg) will be administered as 2 intravenous infusions given 2 weeks apart. Concurrent stable-dose Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH) medical therapy will be continued/managed as per standard of care (PAH SOC).
Rituximab+PAH SOC	acetaminophen	Rituximab (1000 mg) will be administered as 2 intravenous infusions given 2 weeks apart. Concurrent stable-dose Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH) medical therapy will be continued/managed as per standard of care (PAH SOC).
Rituximab+PAH SOC	diphenhydramine	Rituximab (1000 mg) will be administered as 2 intravenous infusions given 2 weeks apart. Concurrent stable-dose Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH) medical therapy will be continued/managed as per standard of care (PAH SOC).
Placebo + PAH SOC	prednisone	Placebo will be administered as 2 intravenous infusions given 2 weeks apart. Concurrent stable-dose Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH) medical therapy will be continued/managed as per standard of care (PAH SOC).
Placebo + PAH SOC	acetaminophen	Placebo will be administered as 2 intravenous infusions given 2 weeks apart. Concurrent stable-dose Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH) medical therapy will be continued/managed as per standard of care (PAH SOC).
Placebo + PAH SOC	diphenhydramine	Placebo will be administered as 2 intravenous infusions given 2 weeks apart. Concurrent stable-dose Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH) medical therapy will be continued/managed as per standard of care (PAH SOC).
Rituximab+PAH SOC	methylprednisolone	Rituximab (1000 mg) will be administered as 2 intravenous infusions given 2 weeks apart. Concurrent stable-dose Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH) medical therapy will be continued/managed as per standard of care (PAH SOC).
Placebo + PAH SOC	methylprednisolone	Placebo will be administered as 2 intravenous infusions given 2 weeks apart. Concurrent stable-dose Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH) medical therapy will be continued/managed as per standard of care (PAH SOC).

Primary Outcome Measures

Name	Time	Method
Change From Baseline in Distance Walked During a Six Minute Walk Test	Baseline (Pre Treatment Initiation) to Week 24	The six minute walk test measures the distance a participant is able to walk over a total of six minutes on a hard, flat surface. The goal is for the participant to walk as far as possible in six minutes. The participant is allowed to self-pace and rest as needed as they traverse back and forth along a marked walkway. The total distance walked, in meters, was recorded for each participant. Longer distances indicate better outcomes.

Secondary Outcome Measures

Name	Time	Method
Change From Baseline in Quality of Life as Measured by the Short Form Health Survey (SF-36): Physical Component Summary Score	Baseline (Pre Treatment Initiation) to Week 48	The SF-36 measures health-related quality of life. It has 36 items and 2 component scores, the Physical Component Score and the Mental Component Score. The SF-36 Physical component summary score is comprised of the Physical Functioning Scale, the Role-Physical Scale, the Bodily Pain Scale, and the General Health Scale. It is scaled from 0 to 100 with a score of 0 equivalent to maximum disability and a score of 100 is equivalent to no disability. A negative value indicates a decrease in quality of life from Baseline.
Treatment-Related Mortality: From Treatment Initiation to Week 48	Day 0 (Treatment Randomization) to Week 48	Death occurring after randomization and ≤ Week 48, and possibly, probably, or definitely resulting from assigned study treatment.
Change From Baseline in Pulmonary Vascular Resistance Measured by Right Heart Catheterization at Week 24	Baseline (Pre Treatment Initiation) to Week 24	During a right heart catheterization, a catheter is guided to the right side of the heart and then into the pulmonary artery; blood flow through the heart is observed and is used to measure pressures in a participant's heart and lungs. The calculation of Pulmonary Vascular Resistance (PVR) is measured in Woods Units. Change is derived by measuring the difference between Baseline and Week 24 PVR (Week 24 minus Baseline). Higher PVR values indicate worse disease status.
Time to Clinical Worsening	Baseline (Pre Treatment Initiation) to Week 48	Assessment of time to clinical worsening, censored at Week 48, defined as the first occurrence of any of the following: * death, * hospitalization for Systemic Sclerosis-Associated Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (SSc-PAH), * lung transplantation, * atrial septostomy, * addition of other Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH) therapeutic agents, or * worsening of the six minute walk distance by \> 20% and an increase in New York Heart Association functional class. Time to clinical worsening was defined as the first date that met any of the above criteria and was calculated in study days as: date of first event minus (-) date of treatment randomization. If a participant did not experience any of the referenced events by Week 48 or, if the date of death was after the 48 week follow-up period, time to clinical worsening was equal to the participant's duration of follow-up in the study.
Number of New Digital Ulcers	Baseline (Pre Treatment Initiation) to Week 24 and Week 48	The total number of digital ulcers present on the dorsal and palmar surfaces for both the left and right fingers were captured at the Baseline study visit. The number of new digital ulcers since the last study visit (including any ulcers that had appeared and healed since the last study visit) on the dorsal and palmar surfaces for both the left and right fingers were captured at the post-Baseline study visits. The total number of digital ulcers on both hands was summed from the number present on the dorsal and palmar surfaces for both the left and right fingers.
Change in Severity of Raynaud's Phenomenon	Baseline (Pre Treatment Initiation) to Week 24 and Week 48	Severity of Raynaud's phenomenon was measured by a Visual Analog Scale (VAS) of the Scleroderma Health Assessment Questionnaire (SHAQ). The SHAQ VAS includes a question asking, "In the past week, how much has your Raynaud's Phenomenon interfered with your activities?" Participants were asked to place a mark on a 15 cm line, scaled from 0 (does not interfere) to 100 (very severe limitation), to describe the severity of their Raynaud's phenomenon in the past week. The distance from the left edge of the line to the vertical line placed by the participant was measured in centimeters; VAS scores were converted to a 0 to 100 scale.
Oxygen Saturation Levels at Week 24 and Week 48	Week 24 , Week 48	Oxygen saturation is the amount of oxygen that is in your bloodstream and is measured as the percentage of blood hemoglobin that is carrying oxygen. Normal oxygen saturation levels are considered to be 95-100 percent; low oxygen saturation values indicate worse disease. Room air oxygen saturation by pulse oximetry and/or amount of supplemental oxygen used, if saturation \<90%, were recorded.
Percent Change From Baseline in Pulmonary Vascular Resistance Measured by Right Heart Catheterization	Baseline (Pre Treatment Initiation) to Week 24	During a right heart catheterization, a catheter is guided to the right side of the heart and then into the pulmonary artery; blood flow through the heart is observed and is used to measure pressures in a participant's heart and lungs. Pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) is measured in Woods Units. Higher PVR values indicate worse disease status. Change in PVR is determined by Baseline value minus (-) Week 24 value.
Change From Baseline in Distance Walked During a Six Minute Walk Test at Week 24 and Week 48	Baseline (Pre Treatment Initiation) to Week 24 and Week 48	The six minute walk test measures the distance a participant is able to walk over a total of six minutes on a hard, flat surface. The goal is for the participant to walk as far as possible in six minutes. The participant is allowed to self-pace and rest as needed as they traverse back and forth along a marked walkway. The total distance walked, in meters, was recorded for each participant. Longer distances indicate better outcomes.
Change From Baseline in Quality of Life as Measured by the Short Form Health Survey (SF-36): Mental Component Summary Score	Baseline (Pre Treatment Initiation) to Week 24 and Week 48	The SF-36 measures health-related quality of life. It has 36 items and 2 component scores, the Physical Component Score and the Mental Component Score. The SF-36 Mental Health component summary score is comprised of the Vitality Scale, the Social Functioning Scale, the Role-Emotional Scale, and the Mental Health Scale. It is scaled from 0 to 100 with a score of 0 equivalent to maximum disability and a score of 100 is equivalent to no disability. A negative value indicates a decrease in quality of life from Baseline.
Change in Quality of Life as Measured by the Disability Index of the Scleroderma Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ-DI)	Baseline (Pre Treatment Initiation) to Week 24 and Week 48	The HAQ-DI is a self-reported questionnaire of functionality that includes questions in 8 domains (dressing/grooming, arising, eating, walking, hygiene, reach, grip, and activities) and addresses scleroderma related manifestations that contribute to disability. The final score ranges from 0 to 3, where a higher HAQ-DI score indicates a worse outcome.
Change in Carbon Monoxide Diffusing Capacity (DLCO)	Baseline (Pre Treatment Initiation) to Week 24 and Week 48	Carbon Monoxide Diffusing Capacity (DLCO) is a measure of lung function. Predicted values for DLCO were computed according to the Global Lung Function Initiative (GLI) all-age reference values and corrected for hemoglobin. Lower DLCO values indicate worse disease activity. DLCO (Diffusing Capacity of the Lungs for Carbon Monoxide)
Number of Infusion-Related Toxicities	Day 0 (Treatment Randomization) to Week 48	The number of Grade 3, 4, and 5 Adverse Events (AEs), which were defined as possibly, probably, or definitely related to rituximab or placebo infusion. This study graded the severity of adverse events according to the National Cancer Institute's Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (NCI-CTCAE), Version 4.0.
Number of Infection-Related Adverse Events (AEs) Through Week 48	Day 0 (Treatment Randomization) to Week 48	Number of adverse events classified as infections. Reference: National Cancer Institute's Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (NCI-CTCAE), Version 4.0.
All-Cause Mortality: From Treatment Initiation to Week 48	Day 0 (Treatment Randomization) to Week 48	Death from any cause occurring after randomization and ≤ Week 48.
All-Cause Mortality: From Treatment Initiation to Week 104	Day 0 (Treatment Randomization) to Week 104	Death from any cause occurring after randomization and ≤ Week 104.
Time to the Change or Addition of New Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH) Therapeutic Medications	Baseline (Pre Treatment Initiation) to Week 48	Per protocol, from the time of study entry, participants were to remain on background PAH medical therapy with either a single agent or a combination of prostanoid, endothelin receptor antagonist, PDE-5 inhibitor, and/or guanylate cyclase stimulators as per the entry criteria. Doses should have remained stable through the Week 24 primary outcome/endpoint visit. If a dose of a background PAH medication was changed or a new PAH medication was added during the course of the trial, the date of the first dose change or additional medication was recorded. Time to the addition or modification of PAH medications was defined in study days as: date of the first time a PAH medication was modified or added minus (-) date of randomization.
Number of Grade 3 or Higher Adverse Events (AEs) Through Week 48	Baseline (Pre Treatment Initiation) to Week 48	Total number of Grade 3, 4, and 5 AEs. Ref: National Cancer Institute's Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (NCI-CTCAE), Version 4.0.

Trial Locations

Locations (17): University of Colorado Health Sciences Center
🇺🇸
Aurora, Colorado, United States
University of Minnesota Health Clinics and Surgery Center
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Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
Boston University Medical Center
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Boston, Massachusetts, United States
Columbia University Medical Center
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New York, New York, United States
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill: UNC Hospitals
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Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States
Ohio State University
🇺🇸
Columbus, Ohio, United States
University of Pittsburgh Medical Center
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Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
University of Utah
🇺🇸
Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
University of Texas: Memorial Herman Hospital
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Houston, Texas, United States
Stanford Health Care
🇺🇸
Stanford, California, United States
University of Iowa
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Iowa City, Iowa, United States
Weill Cornell Medical College
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New York, New York, United States
University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center-William P. Clements University Hospital
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Dallas, Texas, United States
University of Rochester Medical Center
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Rochester, New York, United States
University of Michigan
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Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
Medical University of South Carolina
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Charleston, South Carolina, United States
Johns Hopkins University, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine
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Baltimore, Maryland, United States