Diurnal Variation of Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1

Phase 4

Completed

• Conditions: Metabolic Syndrome X
• Interventions: Drug: Eplerenone (Morning); Drug: Eplerenone (Night-time)

• Registration Number: NCT00515021
• Lead Sponsor: Vanderbilt University Medical Center

Brief Summary

To determine if nighttime administration of an aldosterone antagonist would effectively lower peak plasma Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) levels more effectively than morning administration.

Detailed Description

Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, a member of the serine protease inhibitor (serpin) superfamily, is the principal inhibitor to tissue-type plasminogen activator and urokinase-type plasminogen activator. Elevated plasma PAI-1 levels, an independent cardiovascular risk factor, has been shown to be a predictor of recurrent myocardial infarction (MI). Acute changes in plasma PAI-1 after MI is a predictor of mortality. PAI-1 levels are elevated in the individuals with hypertension, insulin resistance, hypertriglyceridemia, obesity, and the constellation of risk-factors known as the metabolic syndrome. PAI-1 is synthesized in the liver, vascular endothelium, vascular smooth muscle, and visceral adipose tissue. A number of factors have been shown to regulate PAI-1, including metabolic factors such as insulin, glucose, triglycerides; inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α, transforming growth factor-β, interleukin-1, and more notably, components of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), namely angiotensin II and aldosterone.

PAI-1 also has a diurnal variation with a peak plasma level occurring between 8 and 9 AM that may help explain why the incidence of acute MI is highest in the morning and why thrombolysis is least effective at that time. PAI-1's diurnal variation is been shown to be directly regulated by central and peripheral circadian pacemakers in vitro, and in vivo. Our group has observed that the diurnal variation of plasma PAI-1 levels is blunted and delayed in blind individuals who's circadian mechanisms are free running (not controlled by a central circadian pacemaker) when compared to those whose circadian rhythms are entrained (controlled by a central circadian pacemaker) (unpublished data), suggesting an additional system may modulate diurnal variation of PAI-1. As plasma renin activity (PRA) and aldosterone levels peak earlier than PAI-1 levels, they may be partially responsible. Indeed, continuous infusion of candesartan eliminated diurnal variation of aortic PAI-1 message expression in Wistar-Kyoto and spontaneously hypertensive rats, while hydralazine did not.

The use of therapies to modulate plasma PAI-1 levels in human subjects have met with variable success. Low salt diet was shown to increase plasma PAI-1 levels in normotensive subjects in a manner that correlated with plasma aldosterone levels. Twice daily treatment with quinapril (40mg) lowered plasma PAI-1 levels during the expected peak time. In a second study of twice daily quinapril compared to twice daily losartan in normotensive subjects both only had a modest effect on plasma PAI-1 levels. A third study helped to explain this finding. In a crossover study, hypertensive subjects received daily spironolactone or hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) in a randomized fashion. Plasma PAI-1 levels were increased after HCTZ treatment, but not significantly changed from baseline with spironolactone treatment. Spironolactone treatment, however, resulted in significantly higher aldosterone levels. The correlation between plasma aldosterone and PAI-1 that was observed at baseline and with HCTZ treatment was not observed in the spironolactone arm, suggesting that the endogenous relationship between aldosterone and PAI-1 can be disrupted by mineralocorticoid receptor antagonism.

Study Timeline

• Study Start: 2007-04
• Study First Submitted: 2007-08-09
• Study First Submitted QC: 2007-08-10
• Study First Posted: 2007-08-13
• Primary Completion: 2010-04
• Study Completion: 2010-04
• Results First Submitted: 2017-03-16
• Status Verified: 2019-01
• Results First Submitted QC: 2019-01-31
• Last Update Submitted: 2019-01-31
• Results First Posted: 2019-02-01
• Last Update Posted: 2019-02-01

Recruitment & Eligibility

• Status: COMPLETED
• Sex: All
• Target Recruitment: 21

Inclusion Criteria

• Age18-65

• Metabolic Syndrome (3 or more of the following):

  1. Blood pressure 130/85 or greater
  2. Central obesity (Waist - Male > 40", Female > 35")
  3. Fasting glucose ≥ 110 mg/dl
  4. Low HDL (Male < 40 mg/dl, Female < 50 mg/dl)
  5. Elevated Triglycerides (> 150 mg/dl)

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Exclusion Criteria

• Cigarette Use
• Renal insufficiency
• Coronary Artery Disease
• Diabetes
• Blindness
• Cerebrovascular Disease
• Secondary hypertension (renal artery stenosis, pheo, etc.)
• RAAS disease (Primary Aldosteronism, etc.)
• Other chronic illness (cancer, autoimmune or liver disease)
• Pregnancy
• Anemia (Hgb < 12 mg/dl)
• Evening or Night Shift work
• Transmeridian travel in previous 6 months
• History of sleep disorders
• Hypokalemia (serum potassium < 3.5 milliequivalent (mEq/L)
• Hyperkalemia (serum potassium > 5.5 mEq/L
• Reported hypersensitivity to HCTZ or eplerenone

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Study & Design

• Study Type: INTERVENTIONAL
• Study Design: CROSSOVER

Arm && Interventions

Group	Intervention	Description
Daytime then nightime dosing	Eplerenone (Night-time)	Eplerenone - 50mg, by mouth, daily, in the morning x 2 weeks followed by 100mg, by mouth, daily, in the morning x 4 weeks then patients cross over to 50mg, by mouth, daily, in the evening x 2 weeks followed by 100mg, by mouth, daily, in the evening x 4 weeks.
Nighttime then daytime dosing	Eplerenone (Morning)	Eplerenone - 50mg, by mouth, daily, in the evening x 2 weeks followed by 100mg, by mouth, daily, in the evening x 4 weeks then patients cross over to 50mg, by mouth, daily, in the morning x 2 weeks followed by 100mg, by mouth, daily, in the morning x 4 weeks.
Daytime then nightime dosing	Eplerenone (Morning)	Eplerenone - 50mg, by mouth, daily, in the morning x 2 weeks followed by 100mg, by mouth, daily, in the morning x 4 weeks then patients cross over to 50mg, by mouth, daily, in the evening x 2 weeks followed by 100mg, by mouth, daily, in the evening x 4 weeks.
Nighttime then daytime dosing	Eplerenone (Night-time)	Eplerenone - 50mg, by mouth, daily, in the evening x 2 weeks followed by 100mg, by mouth, daily, in the evening x 4 weeks then patients cross over to 50mg, by mouth, daily, in the morning x 2 weeks followed by 100mg, by mouth, daily, in the morning x 4 weeks.

Primary Outcome Measures

Name	Time	Method
Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) Levels	after 6 weeks on Eplerenone	PAI-1 levels after Eplerenone 50mg daily for 2 weeks then 100mg daily for 4 weeks. Time of administration varied in the arms, either morning or night time dosing.

Trial Locations

Locations (1)

Vanderbilt University Medical Center; 🇺🇸 Nashville, Tennessee, United States