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Orange Juice Supplementation in Soccer Players

Not Applicable
Completed
Conditions
Healthy Athletes
Interventions
Dietary Supplement: Control drink (1L/d)
Dietary Supplement: Orange juice (1L/d)
Registration Number
NCT03209596
Lead Sponsor
Ellen Cristini de Freitas
Brief Summary

This study aimed to verify if orange juice supplementation can be a nutritional strategy to ensure an adequate energy and micronutrients ingestion, influencing metabolic responses of soccer players.

Detailed Description

Thirty-four male soccer players aged 18.5 ± 0.5 years and BMI (Body Mass Index) of 21.41 ± 1.48 kg/cm2 were randomly divided into two parallel groups: (1) orange juice (n = 17), composed of individuals receiving 1 liter/day of orange juice; (2) control (n = 17) composed of individuals receiving 1 liter/day of control drink with the same proportion of total sugars as the orange juice. The recruitment process began in September 2013, the intervention was carried out from November 2013 to January 2014, and the data analysis started in February 2014. The sample size took into account the variances in total cholesterol, considering the high statistical variability of biochemical markers, which requires a sufficient number of samples to ensure representativeness and adequate statistical power of analysis, and that the reduction of total cholesterol is associated to the regular consumption of orange juice (Dourado et al., 2015). Based on unpublished data from a previous pilot experiment, it was expected that the total cholesterol of orange juice group would be 10% lower in relation to control group after intervention (orange juice = 123.41 ± 12.12 mg/dL, control drink = 37.80 ± 11.17 mg/dL). Thus, with a type I error α = 0.05 and a type II error β = 0.2 (80% power) the minimum sample size should have 12 individuals per group (n = 24). Considering the high layoffs rate in the team, the initial sample size of study was constituted by 17 individuals per group (n = 34). During the intervention, four individuals from control drink group failed the study protocol, and the study was concluded with 30 participants (orange juice n = 17 and control drink n = 13). Primary and secondary endpoints were the improvement of food intake and changes in biochemical markers, respectively. Shapiro Wilk and Levene tests evaluated normality and homogeneity of data, respectively. T-test was conducted to identify possible differences between groups at baseline. A mixed factorial ANOVA was applied to determine the effect of treatment and time, within and between groups (Sidak post hoc test), and statistical significance was set at p \< 0.05. Food intake, biochemical biomarkers and body composition were assessed before and after the 60 days of intervention.

Recruitment & Eligibility

Status
COMPLETED
Sex
Male
Target Recruitment
30
Inclusion Criteria
  • Three consecutive years of soccer training prior to the start of the study.
Exclusion Criteria
  • Historic of chronic disease, use of hormones, drugs, vitamins supplements and/or other dietary supplements during the study.

Study & Design

Study Type
INTERVENTIONAL
Study Design
PARALLEL
Arm && Interventions
GroupInterventionDescription
Control drinkControl drink (1L/d)Thirteen individuals received 1 liter/day of control drink. The participants consumed the control drink before and post exercise, the volume of drink per serving was 500 mL. On players' rest days, the drink was consumed throughout the day. The control drink consisted of an aqueous solution containing sucrose (44 g), glucose (22 g), fructose (22 g), citric acid (11g) (proportionally 2:1:1:0.5) (USDA, 2016) (with the same proportion of total sugars as the orange juice, and without all others bioactive compounds of juice), dyestuff sunset yellow (0.05 g) and orange essence.
Orange juiceOrange juice (1L/d)Seventeen individuals received 1 liter/day of pasteurized orange juice. Participants consumed the orange juice before and post exercise, the volume of juice per serving was 500 mL. On players' rest days, the juice was consumed throughout the day.
Primary Outcome Measures
NameTimeMethod
Food intake60 days

Food intake was assessed by 24-hour recall

Secondary Outcome Measures
NameTimeMethod
Glucose60 days

Blood dosing using commercial kits

Glycated hemoglobin60 days

Blood dosing using commercial kits

Total cholesterol60 days

Blood dosing using commercial kits

Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (LDL-C)60 days

Calculated with an equation described by Friedewald et al. (1972)

High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (HDL-C)60 days

Blood dosing using commercial kits

Triglycerides60 days

Blood dosing using commercial kits

Creatinine60 days

Blood dosing using commercial kits

Trial Locations

Locations (1)

University of São Paulo, School of Physical Education and Sports of Ribeirão Preto.

🇧🇷

Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil

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