Effect of post- activation performance enhancement on upper limb explosive power in volleyball players - a randomized controlled trial.

INTRODUCTION

 Volleyball is a team sport characterized by periods of short duration (i.e. 3–9 s), high-intensity activities, interspersed with relatively long periods (i.e. 10-20 s) of recovery time.4 It is played by two teams, usually of six players on a side, in which the players use their hands to bat a ball back and forth over a high net, trying to make the ball touch the court within the opponents’ playing area before it can be returned.8

The physiological character of volleyball is determined by the specific offensive and defensive performance of the players such as jumps to spike, leaps in different directions or sprints to the ball at distances up to 10 m. all these techniques require strength and speed that predominantly depend on the energy generated through anaerobic alactacid pathways.3 Of the overhead volleyball skills, the spike is perhaps the most explosive. Spikes, or attacks, are typically high-velocity shots (ball speeds can approach 28 m per second). shoulder kinetics and angular velocities are greatest in the harder spikes.5

There is a greater risk of injury during the execution of multiple jumps and further develops jumps without power. Also due to the impact of hundreds of jumps, the ligaments may be affected, as well as the joints and knees. In this way, strength training as well as explosive power training appears to have a decisive influence on motor performance of players of volleyball sport.1

Ballistic exercises, where the external load is projected into a flight phase (e.g., throws), are the most commonly prescribed for the development of power output,6 various training programme oriented at physical performance and injury prevention9, Plyometric exercises, etc were previously proven exercises to improve performance. A muscular phenomenon known as post-activation potentiation, which is an acute improvement in strength and power performances as a result of the recent voluntary contractile history, has become the focus of many strength and conditioning training programs.6

Post Activation potentiation (PAP) is physiological phenomenon with short window of action (seconds to several minutes) that can be largely attributed to myosin light chain phosphorylation within type II fibers and which is observable as an increase in muscle twitch response in skeletal muscle. Enhancements in voluntary muscular force production, also called Post Activation Performance Enhancement (PAPE) by some authors, was observed as an increase in rate of force development or force during higher speed dynamic contractions, becomes substantive only after several minutes, has a longer window of action than PAP (at least several minutes), and may be largely explained through physiological responses including increases in muscle temperature, intracellular water accumulation, and other mechanisms.2

Thus we hypothesized that there will be effect of Post Activation Potentiation Performance Enhancement(PAPE) on upper limb explosive power in volleyball players.

 NEED FOR THE STUDY

 To achieve successful volleyball performance Both ball throwing and jumping performance are important.1 Many research had been done on improvement of lower limb explosive power through plyometric training, strength training, post activation performance enhancement but there is lack of evidence on upper limb explosive power by Post Activation Performance Enhancement in volleyball players.

As many traditional exercises proven to be effective in enhancing performance there is a necessity to use innovative and advanced methods of strength and power training to improve volleyball performance.7

 RESEARCH QUESTION

 Will there be any effect Post Activation Performance Enhancement (PAPE) on upper limb explosive power in volleyball players?

                              AIM AND OBJECTIVES

 To find the effect of Post Activation Performance Enhancement on upper limb explosive power in volleyball players.

 Hypotheses

Null Hypothesis (H0)

There will not be significant effect of Post Activation Performance enhancement on upper limb explosive power in volleyball players.

 Alternative Hypothesis (H1)

There will be significant effect of Post Activation Performance enhancement on upper limb explosive power in volleyball players.

 REVIEW OF LITERATURE

 Guilherme P. Berriel at. el. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of a training session with and without an intervention of postactivation performance enhancement (PAPE) on countermovement jump (CMJ) height, perceived recovery status (PRS), and ratings of perceived exertion (RPEs), followed by a specific volleyball training session. The sample consisted of sixteen professional male volleyball players, with an average age of 26.8±6.1 years and average height of 195.9±6.7 cm, randomly divided into a group with PAPE intervention (GPAPE) (n=8), and a control group (CTRL) without PAPE intervention (n=8). The control group carried out the training session with plyometric exercises, and the GPAPE added conditioning protocols for PAPE to plyometric training, followed by a technical tactical volleyball session. At the end of the training session, there was an increase of 16.3% in the height of the CMJ in the GPAPE, while the CTRL showed a decrease of 5% in the height of the CMJ. PRS and RPE variables did not differ between the groups. It was concluded that PAPE had a positive effect on the height of the vertical jump after plyometric training, which was maintained until the end of the technical and tactical volleyball session.

 Michal Krzysztofik at. el. The purposes of this meta-analysis were to determine the effect of performing a conditioning activity (CA) on subsequent BPT performances and the influence of different types of CA, intra-complex rest intervals, and intensities during the CA on the upper-body PAPE effect in resistance-trained men. A search of electronic databases (MEDLINE, PubMed, and SPORTDiscus) was conducted to identify all studies that investigated the PAPE in the BPT up to August 2020. Eleven articles, which met the inclusion criteria, were consequently included for quality assessment and data extraction.. They concluded That performing a CA induces a small PAPE effect for the BPT performance in resistance-trained men. Individuals seeking to improve their BPT performance should consider preceding them with a single set of the BP exercise at moderate intensity (60–84% 1RM), performed 5–7 min before the explosive activity.

 MATERIAL AND METHODOLOGY

Source of Data: Pravara Institute of medical Sciences, Loni

Study setting: PMT Sports ground, Loni; Physiotherapy OPD PIMS,Loni

Study Duration: 1 year

Method of collection of data: Data will be collected by the primary investigator.

Type of Data: Quantitative data

Study Design:  Randomized controlled trial

Sample size: 40 (Calculated by Open EPI)

Sampling Method: Simple random sampling

Study Duration: 1 year

Equipment’s to be used

Dumbbells

Medicine ball: 1kg and 3kg

Bench

Materials to be used

Consent form

Assessment sheet

PAR Q+

   SELECTION CRITERIA

Inclusion criteria

Amateur sand volleyball players.

Age group 18 to 24 years.

Participants who are willing to participate.

Participants fulfilling PAR Q+

Exclusion criteria

Participants excluded will be:

Any type of acute and severe systemic illness.

Any recent surgical and medical history which will affect performance.

Psychologically unstable participants.

  OUTCOME MEASURES

Outcome measures used for this study will be as follows,

Medicine ball throw (Reliability- 0.9)

  PROCEDURE

 Protocol is prepared and ethical clearance will be obtained from the IEC.

The Participants will be selected based on the eligibility criteria.

Informed consent will be obtained from the participants and demographic data will be recorded.

Participants will be randomly allocated to 2 groups that is experimental group(n=20) and control group(n=20). Prior assessment of the participants will be done and will be recorded on record sheet baseline assessment of upper limb explosive power after warm-up session.

Then, experimental group will undergo PAPE exercises along with daily routine exercises and control group will undergo regular exercises and both groups will play match. After match post assessment of upper limb explosive power by medicine ball throw will be done and will be recorded on record sheet. Data analysis will be done according to applicable test.

All the instructions will be given verbally, provided demonstration and guided through a single practice trial of exercises.

Sampling method

Then simple random sampling will be done for distribution of (Number of participants) into 2 groups. (Group A Experimental Group) and (Group B Control Group). Target population were 18 to 25 years of age of participants fulfilling PARQ+.

  REFERENCES

 1.     Pereira, Ana, et al. "Training strategy of explosive strength in young female volleyball players." Medicina 51.2 (2015): 126-131.

2.     Blazevich, Anthony J., and Nicolas Babault. "Post-activation potentiation versus post-activation performance enhancement in humans: historical perspective, underlying mechanisms, and current issues." Frontiers in physiology 10 (2019): 1359.

3.     Jastrzbeski, Zbigniew, et al. "The effect of a 6-week plyometric training on explosive power in volleyball players." Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity 6.2 (2014): 1.

4.     Ramirez-Campillo, Rodrigo et al. “Effects of Plyometric Jump Training on Vertical Jump Height of Volleyball Players: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis of Randomized-Controlled Trial.” Journal of sports science & medicine vol. 19,3 489-499. 13 Aug. 2020

5.     Reeser, Jonathan C et al. “Upper limb biomechanics during the volleyball serve and spike.” Sports health vol. 2,5 (2010): 368-74. doi:10.1177/1941738110374624

6.     Krzysztofik, Michal, et al. "Post-activation performance enhancement in the bench press throw: A systematic review and meta-analysis." Frontiers in Physiology 11 (2021): 598628.

7.     Berriel, Guilherme P., et al. "Effects of postactivation performance enhancement on the vertical jump in high-level volleyball athletes." Journal of Human Kinetics 82.1 (2022): 145-153.

8.     Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "volleyball". Encyclopedia Britannica, 17 Jan. 2024, https://www.britannica.com/sports/volleyball. Accessed 24 January 2024.

9.     Lehnert, Michal, et al. "Training-induced changes in physical performance can be achieved without body mass reduction after eight week of strength and injury prevention oriented programme in volleyball female players." Biology of Sport 34.2 (2017): 205-213.

10.  Hua, Zheng, Zhao Liang, and Zengliang Cai. "Upper limbs physical fitness training in volleyball players." Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte 29 (2023): e2023_0016.