The UBC Long-distance Triathlon Adaptation Study
试验速览
- 阶段
- 不适用
- 状态
- 已完成
- 入组人数
- 58
- 试验地点
- 2
- 主要终点
- Maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max).
研究概览
简要总结
The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of 12-months of individualized endurance-training (swimming, cycling and running) on physiological and psychological adaptations in exercise naïve individuals. Due to the potential seasonal changes that naturally occur in individuals across a year (even without training) the investigators will also compare the exercise-trained group to a time-aligned control group.
详细描述
Endurance training is well-accepted to lead to numerous positive physiological and psychological adaptations. However, many of the previous studies examining the benefits of endurance exercise on the human body have: 1) compared athletes with non-athletes using a cross-sectional design, 2) have employed training studies that are relatively short (e.g. weeks to months) in duration, 3) have primarily focused on male participants and not examined potential sex-differences, and 4) have not specifically recruited exercise naïve participants, as often participants are already engaged in ongoing recreational or competitive activities at the time of recruitment. As such, we have a limited understanding of the true time-course of adaptations that occur in exercise naïve individuals in response to training, or how physiological and psychological adaptations change beyond 4-6 months, and whether there are sex-specific differences in these adaptations.
This study is primarily designed to determine the time-course of adaptation and remodeling in females and males across multiple different physiological systems (i.e. cardiac, vascular, metabolic, respiratory, immune, and microbiome) and psychological measures at rest and in response to a range of provocations.
Forty healthy exercise-training naïve individuals (20 females: 20 males) will perform 12-months of individually prescribed, endurance training (including supplementary strengthening exercise for conditioning and injury prevention) designed to prepare participants for an ultra-endurance triathlon. A time-aligned control group of 20 healthy exercise-training naïve individuals (10 females: 10 males) will also be recruited to determine the natural change that occurs in each system across a year. Outcomes will be assessed at baseline, 3 months, 6 months and 12 months. Additionally, cardiovascular outcomes will also be assessed at 1 month and immune outcomes will be repeated at 3 months post intervention (15 months).
研究设计
- 研究类型
- Interventional
- 分配方式
- Non Randomized
- 干预模型
- Parallel
- 主要目的
- Basic Science
- 盲法
- None
入排标准
- 年龄范围
- 19 Years 至 39 Years（Adult）
- 性别
- All
- 接受健康志愿者
- 是
入选标准
- •Exercise Intervention Group
- •Aged 19-39 years
- •Non-smoker (quit >6 months)
- •Able to swim >100 meters without stopping
- •Have access to, or willingness, to obtain a road bicycle
- •Are willing to commit to the research assessments and prescribed training program
- •Currently performing <120 minutes of structured endurance training per week
- •Premenopausal
- •Inclusion Criteria: Control Group
- •Aged 19-39 years
- •Non-smoker (quit >6 months)
- •Are willing to commit to the research assessments
- •Currently performing <120 minutes of structured endurance training per week
- •Premenopausal
排除标准
- •Exercise Intervention Group and Control Group:
- •History of heart disease
- •History of lung disease (not including controlled asthma)
- •History of metabolic disease
- •History of cancer
- •Chronic inflammatory conditions
- •Blood pressure > 140/90 mmHg
- •Chronic antibiotic, antiviral, antimicrobial, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and antihistamine use
- •Are a regular (more than 1/week) cannabis user
- •Consume alcohol regularly: more than 6 standard drinks per week (e.g.14-20 ounces of beer and 5-8 ounces of wine)
- •Have previously completed structured endurance exercise training for an extended period of time (such as training for a triathlon or running race)
- •Have previously participated in competitive team sports with an aerobic component (e.g. soccer, basketball, rugby, field hockey) and sport-specific training (e.g. hockey, football) >3 times per week within the previous 5 years
- •Have prior experience of heavy structured resistance training >3x/week within the last 2 years
- •BMI>32 kg/m2 or <20 kg/m2
- •Pregnancy within 12 months, or planning to become pregnant within the next 12 months
- •Currently breast feeding (or having stopped within 6 months)
- •Planning to be away from the Okanagan area for an extended period over the duration of the study
研究组 & 干预措施
Exercise Intervention
Participants will engage in 12 months of individualized endurance-training (swimming, cycling and running) and 9 months of supplemental strengthening exercises. Exercise prescriptions will be provided to participants weekly via an app (TrainingPeaks). Sessions will vary in length from 30 min to 8 hours throughout the program.
干预措施: Individualized, periodized endurance training for ultra-endurance triathlon. (Other)
Time-Aligned Control
Participants in the control arm will continue to live their lives exactly as they would if they were not enrolled in a study to allow evaluation of natural biological changes that occur across 12-months of free-living.
干预措施: Time-Aligned Control (Other)
结局指标
主要结局
Maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max).
时间窗: 12 Months
The change in VO2max from baseline to 12 months of exercise training.
次要结局
- Time-course of change in resting right ventricular structure.(1, 3, 6, and 12 months)
- Time-course of change in right ventricular structure during exercise.(1, 3, 6, and 12 months)
- Time-course of change in VO2max.(3, 6, and 12 months)
- Time-course of change in left ventricular structure during exercise.(1, 3, 6, and 12 months)
- Time-course of change in left ventricular structure with volume loading.(1, 3, 6, and 12 months)
- Time-course of change in left ventricular function during exercise.(1, 3, 6, and 12 months)
- Change in exercising ventilatory reserve(12 months)
- Time-course of change in left ventricular mass(1, 3, 6, and 12 months)
- Time-course of change in left atrial structure during exercise.(1, 3, 6, and 12 months)
- Time-course of change in resting right ventricular function.(1, 3, 6, and 12 months)
- Time-course of change in right ventricular function with volume loading.(1, 3, 6, and 12 months)
- Time-course of change in right ventricular strain with volume loading.(1, 3, 6, and 12 months)
- Time-course of change in resting left ventricular structure.(1, 3, 6, and 12 months)
- Time-course of change in ventricular diameter to wall thickness(1, 3, 6, and 12 months)
- Time-course of change in right ventricular structure with volume loading.(1, 3, 6, and 12 months)
- Time-course of change in left ventricular function with volume loading.(1, 3, 6, and 12 months)
- Time-course of change in resting left atrial structure.(1, 3, 6, and 12 months)
- Time-course of change in left atrial structure with volume loading.(1, 3, 6, and 12 months)
- Time-course of change in resting left ventricular function.(1, 3, 6, and 12 months)
- Time-course of change in resting left ventricular diastolic function.(1, 3, 6, and 12 months)
- Time-course of change in resting left-atrial strain(1, 3, 6, and 12 months)
- Time-course of change in p wave root mean square average(1, 3, 6, and 12 months)
- Time-course of change in right ventricular function during exercise.(1, 3, 6, and 12 months)
- Time-course of change in resting right ventricular strain.(1, 3, 6, and 12 months)
- Time-course of change in right ventricular strain during exercise.(1, 3, 6, and 12 months)
- Relationship between changes in blood volume and cardiac structure(1, 3, 6, and 12 months)
- Time-course of change in lower body vascular function.(1, 3, 6, and 12 months)
- Time-course of change in upper body microvascular function(1, 3, 6, and 12 months)
- Change in work of breathing.(12 months)
- Change in lung volume.(12 months)
- Time course of change in ventilatory efficiency.(3, 6, and 12 months)
- Time course of change in chemoreflex sensitivity.(3, 6, and 12 months)
- Time-course of change in left-atrial strain during exercise.(1, 3, 6, and 12 months)
- Time-course of change in in left-atrial strain with volume loading.(1, 3, 6, and 12 months)
- Time-course of change in p-wave amplitude(1, 3, 6, and 12 months)
- Relationships between changes in cardiac electrical activity and left atrial volume.(1, 3, 6, and 12 months)
- Time-course of change in resting upper body vascular structure.(1, 3, 6, and 12 months)
- Time-course of change in upper body vascular function.(1, 3, 6, and 12 months)
- Time-course of change in p-wave duration.(1, 3, 6, and 12 months)
- Time-course of change in blood volume.(1, 3, 6, and 12 months)
- Time-course of change in upper body microvascular structure.(1, 3, 6, and 12 months)
- Time-course of change in lower body microvascular function.(1, 3, 6, and 12 months)
- Time-course of change in arterial stiffness.(1, 3, 6, and 12 months)
- Time-course of change in upper body vascular structure.(1, 3, 6, and 12 months)
- Time-course of change in resting lower body vascular structure.(1, 3, 6, and 12 months)
- Change in expiratory flow limitation.(12 months)
- Change in ventilatory efficiency.(12 months)
- Change in dyspnea.(12 months)
- Time course of change in lung volume.(3, 6, and 12 months)
- Time course of change in dyspnea.(3, 6, and 12 months)
- Gut microbiome composition and diversity.(1,3, 6, and 12 months)
- Innate immune reprogramming.(12 months)
- Time course of change in exercising ventilatory reserve(3, 6, and 12 months)
- Time course of change in expiratory flow limitation.(3, 6, and 12 months)
- Relationships between gut microbiome and cardio metabolic health(1,3, 6, and 12 months)
- Affective processing.(12 months)
- Sex-difference in physiological adaptation.(1,3, 6, 12 and 15 months where applicable)
- Time course of change in work of breathing.(3, 6, and 12 months)
- Relationships between gut microbiome and exercise performance(1,3, 6, and 12 months)
- Innate immune memory.(15 months)
- Affective response.(12 months)
- Time course of change in blood lactate.(3, 6, and 12 months)
- Time course of change in heart rate.(3, 6, and 12 months)
- Relationships between affective responses, affective processing and other exercise and psychological variables.(12 months)
- Time course of change in perceived exertion.(3, 6, and 12 months)
研究者
Robert Shave
Professor
University of British Columbia