The Impact of Using Maternity Napkins on the Incidence of Vaginal Infections in the Post-partum Period: A Randomized Controlled Trial

This is a randomized controlled trial using two parallel groups. District Thatta is a rural area that is situated two hours north of Karachi by drive. The Department of Community Health Sciences at the Aga Khan University (AKU), Karachi is working at District Thatta at established sites. In the proposed study, we will enroll 300 subjects in total randomized to either treatment or standard of care arm in a 1:1 ratio.

Thirty-six maternity napkins (two packets) will be provided to each participant at the time of recruitment and will be restocked at each follow-up visit. The control group will continue to use their current indigenous methods for managing postpartum lochia.

The research assistants will visit participants bi-weekly to administer questionnaires regarding symptoms of vaginal infection and comfort with use of method for management of lochia and restock the maternity napkins in the intervention group. Women who are unable to self-administer the questionnaire due to high illiteracy rates in the community, will be read out the form by the research assistant and their responses will be recorded. The research assistant will also provide the participant with equipment for a low vaginal swab at each bi-weekly visit with directions for administering. Once the participant has self-administered it, the research assistant will collect the swab and drop it at the clinical site. Alternatively, women will be invited to maternal and health center where the sample will be collected by a trained research assistant. If there is microorganism growth on a low vaginal swab, the participant will be informed and provided free treatment at the maternal and child health center. Any complications that arises during treatment including but not limited to sepsis and mortality will be documented. Any concomitant treatment that the participant wishes to receive will be recorded and there will be no restrictions placed on it.

The randomization method will use permuted blocks of variable size, randomly varying from 2 to 6 participants. Stratification factors in the randomization will be on the basis of type of delivery: vaginal delivery and Caesarian section (C-section) delivery since C-section delivery may be associated with a higher incidence of vaginal infection. The allocation will be secured in a plain white envelope. The nurse will provide maternity napkins to the participants in the intervention group and assign unique study identification (ID) numbers to each participant.

Participants will be randomized into an intervention and control group. Written and informed consent will be obtained from the participants prior to enrolment. The consent form has been translated to Sindhi for the purpose of this study. A research team member will be available close by to provide any clarification necessary. For participants who are unable to read, the consent from will be read out to them and their consent will be marked by a research team member. All information regarding the participants will be stored in a secured container and entered into an excel sheet which will be password protected with limited access to the research team only. The participant will be assigned a subject ID number to maintain the anonymity. In case a reproductive tract infection is detected, participants will be provided treatment free of cost by an available doctor at the maternal and child health center where the childbirth occurred according to culture and sensitivity. Serious adverse events are not expected because of the intervention. However, in case of a non-urgent adverse event, the participant will be provided a contact number at the time of recruitment which they can call to report the outcome and schedule an appointment at the maternal and child health center. In case of an emergency, the participant will be requested to visit the maternal and child health center and receive treatment. Treatment costs will be covered in both situations. For protocol deviation, a question has been included in the bi-weekly follow-up questionnaire where participants can report a deviation.