Combined Effects of Simultaneous Variety and Portion Size on Meal Intake of Women
- Conditions
- Eating Behavior
- Interventions
- Other: Simultaneous VarietyOther: Single-FoodOther: Small PortionOther: Large Portion
- Registration Number
- NCT05266183
- Lead Sponsor
- Penn State University
- Brief Summary
The primary purpose of this study is to investigate the combined effects of simultaneous meal variety and portion size on food intake at a meal. Additionally, other individual characteristics will be examined for their influence on the effects of simultaneous variety and portion size on meal intake.
- Detailed Description
Not available
Recruitment & Eligibility
- Status
- COMPLETED
- Sex
- Female
- Target Recruitment
- 44
- Be willing and able to travel to Penn State University Park campus weekly for meals
- Be fully vaccinated against COVID-19
- Be a woman 20 - 65 years old
- Regularly eat 3 meals/day
- Be willing to refrain from drinking alcohol the day before and during test days
- Have a body mass index between 18.0 and 35.0 kg/m*m
- Be willing to refrain from eating after 10 pm the evening before test sessions
- Be willing to participate in all study procedures
- Must not be a smoker
- Must not be an athlete in training
- Must not be pregnant or breastfeeding at the time of screening
- Must not have taken prescription or non-prescription drugs that may affect appetite or food intake within the last 3 months
- Must not dislike or be unable to eat the test foods (because of allergies, intolerance, or dietary restrictions)
- Must not have a high variability in liking of the test foods
- Must not be currently dieting to gain or lose weight
- Must not have a health condition that affects appetite
- Must not have participated in a similar study in our lab in the past year
- Must not be a student, faculty, or staff member in nutritional sciences or psychology
Study & Design
- Study Type
- INTERVENTIONAL
- Study Design
- CROSSOVER
- Arm && Interventions
Group Intervention Description Single-Food, Small Portion Small Portion 1 food served in a small portion. Simultaneous Variety, Small Portion Small Portion 3 different foods served in a small portion. Single-Food, Large Portion Large Portion 1 food served in a large portion. Simultaneous Variety, Small Portion Simultaneous Variety 3 different foods served in a small portion. Simultaneous Variety, Large Portion Simultaneous Variety 3 different foods served in a large portion. Simultaneous Variety, Large Portion Large Portion 3 different foods served in a large portion. Single-Food, Large Portion Single-Food 1 food served in a large portion. Single-Food, Small Portion Single-Food 1 food served in a small portion.
- Primary Outcome Measures
Name Time Method Change in energy intake Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4 Energy intake (kilocalories) of all meal components consumed, calculated from weight and energy density
Change in intake by weight Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4 Weight (grams) of all meal components consumed
- Secondary Outcome Measures
Name Time Method Change in meal duration Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4 Duration of the meal in minutes
Change in sip count Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4 The number of sips of water during the meal
Change in bite count Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4 The number of bites of food during the meal
Change in switching between bites and sips Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4 The number of switches between bites and sips during the meal
Change in switching between different foods Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4 The number of switches between different foods
Change in rating of desire to eat food samples From before the test meal to after the test meal in weeks 1, 2, 3, 4 Measured on a 100-mm visual analogue scale ranging from not at all strong (0 mm) to extremely strong (100 mm), in answer to "How strong is your desire to eat \[this food\] right now?". This will be used to calculate Sensory-Specific Satiety.
Change in rating of fullness From before the test meal to after the test meal in weeks 1, 2, 3, 4 Measured on a 100-mm visual analogue scale ranging from not at all full (0 mm) to extremely full (100 mm)
Change in mean eating rate Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4 Mean food intake per minute (grams/minute), calculated by dividing meal food intake by meal duration
Change in mean bite size Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4 Mean food intake per bite (grams/bite), calculated by dividing meal food intake by bite count
Change in mean drinking rate Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4 Mean water intake per minute (grams/minute), calculated by dividing meal water intake by meal duration
Change in mean sip size Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4 Mean water intake per sip (grams/sip), calculated by dividing meal water intake by sip count
Change in rating of nausea From before the test meal to after the test meal in weeks 1, 2, 3, 4 Measured on a 100-mm visual analogue scale ranging from not at all nauseated (0 mm) to extremely nauseated (100 mm)
Change in rating of hunger From before the test meal to after the test meal in weeks 1, 2, 3, 4 Measured on a 100-mm visual analogue scale ranging from not at all hungry (0 mm) to extremely hungry (100 mm)
Change in rating of prospective consumption From before the test meal to after the test meal in weeks 1, 2, 3, 4 Measured on a 100-mm visual analogue scale ranging from nothing at all (0 mm) to a large amount (100 mm), in answer to "How much food do you think you could eat right now?".
Change in rating of pleasantness of the taste of food samples From before the test meal to after the test meal in weeks 1, 2, 3, 4 Measured on a 100-mm visual analogue scale ranging from not at all pleasant (0 mm) to extremely pleasant (100 mm). This will be used to calculate Sensory-Specific Satiety
Change in rating of thirst From before the test meal to after the test meal in weeks 1, 2, 3, 4 Measured on a 100-mm visual analogue scale ranging from not at all thirsty (0 mm) to extremely thirsty (100 mm)
Trial Locations
- Locations (1)
Laboratory for the Study of Human Ingestive Behavior, The Pennsylvania State University
🇺🇸University Park, Pennsylvania, United States