Effects of Variety and Portion Size on Meal Intake of Adults
- Conditions
- Eating Behavior
- Interventions
- Other: Low varietyOther: High VarietyOther: Small Portion SizeOther: Large Portion SizeOther: With BeverageOther: Without Beverage
- Registration Number
- NCT05152693
- Lead Sponsor
- Penn State University
- Brief Summary
The primary purpose of this study is to gain a better understanding of the combined effects of meal variety and portion size on food intake at a meal. The study will also explore relationships with eating microstructure such as eating rate and bite size. Additionally, other individual characteristics will be examined for their influence on the effects of variety and portion size on meal intake.
- Detailed Description
Not available
Recruitment & Eligibility
- Status
- WITHDRAWN
- Sex
- Female
- Target Recruitment
- Not specified
- Be willing and able to travel to Penn State University Park campus weekly for meals
- Be fully vaccinated against COVID-19
- Be a woman 20 - 65 years old
- Regularly eat 3 meals/day
- Be willing to refrain from drinking alcohol the day before and during test days
- Have a body mass index between 18.0 and 35.0 kg/m*m
- Be willing to refrain from eating after 10 pm the evening before test sessions
- Be willing to participate in all study procedures
- Must not be a smoker
- Must not be an athlete in training
- Must not be pregnant or breastfeeding at the time of screening
- Must not have taken prescription or non-prescription drugs that may affect appetite or food intake within the last 3 months
- Must not dislike or be unable to eat the test foods (because of allergies, intolerance, or dietary restrictions)
- Must not be currently dieting to gain or lose weight
- Must not have a health condition that affects appetite
- Must not have participated in a similar study in our lab in the past year
- Must not be a student, faculty, or staff member in nutritional sciences or psychology
Study & Design
- Study Type
- INTERVENTIONAL
- Study Design
- CROSSOVER
- Arm && Interventions
Group Intervention Description Low Variety Small Portion With Beverage With Beverage Test meal with food components mixed together (low variety) with a small portion of food and water High Variety Small Portion Without Beverage Small Portion Size Test meal with food components separated on the plate (high variety) with a small portion of food served without water Low Variety Small Portion Without Beverage Small Portion Size Test meal with food components mixed together (low variety) with a small portion of food served without water Low Variety Small Portion Without Beverage Without Beverage Test meal with food components mixed together (low variety) with a small portion of food served without water Low Variety Small Portion With Beverage Low variety Test meal with food components mixed together (low variety) with a small portion of food and water Low Variety Small Portion With Beverage Small Portion Size Test meal with food components mixed together (low variety) with a small portion of food and water High Variety Small Portion With Beverage Small Portion Size Test meal with food components separated on the plate (high variety) with a small portion of food and water High Variety Small Portion With Beverage With Beverage Test meal with food components separated on the plate (high variety) with a small portion of food and water Low Variety Large Portion With Beverage Large Portion Size Test meal with food components mixed together (low variety) with a large portion of food and water Low Variety Large Portion With Beverage With Beverage Test meal with food components mixed together (low variety) with a large portion of food and water Low Variety Large Portion With Beverage Low variety Test meal with food components mixed together (low variety) with a large portion of food and water Low Variety Small Portion Without Beverage Low variety Test meal with food components mixed together (low variety) with a small portion of food served without water High Variety Small Portion Without Beverage High Variety Test meal with food components separated on the plate (high variety) with a small portion of food served without water High Variety Large Portion With Beverage High Variety Test meal with food components separated on the plate (high variety) with a large portion of food and water High Variety Small Portion Without Beverage Without Beverage Test meal with food components separated on the plate (high variety) with a small portion of food served without water High Variety Large Portion With Beverage Large Portion Size Test meal with food components separated on the plate (high variety) with a large portion of food and water High Variety Large Portion With Beverage With Beverage Test meal with food components separated on the plate (high variety) with a large portion of food and water High Variety Small Portion With Beverage High Variety Test meal with food components separated on the plate (high variety) with a small portion of food and water
- Primary Outcome Measures
Name Time Method Change in energy intake Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 Energy intake (kilocalories) of all meal components consumed, calculated from weight and energy density
Change in intake by weight Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 Weight (grams) of all meal components consumed
- Secondary Outcome Measures
Name Time Method Change in sip count Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 The number of sips of water during the meal
Change in rating of prospective consumption of food samples From before the test meal to after the test meal in weeks 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 Measured on a 100-mm visual analogue scale ranging from none at all (0 mm) to vary large amount (100 mm) how much of \[this food\] do you want to eat right now?. This will be used to calculate Sensory-Specific Satiety
Change in rating of thirst From before the test meal to after the test meal in weeks 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 Measured on a 100-mm visual analogue scale ranging from not at all thirsty (0 mm) to extremely thirsty (100 mm)
Change in rating of nausea From before the test meal to after the test meal in weeks 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 Measured on a 100-mm visual analogue scale ranging from not at all nauseated (0 mm) to extremely nauseated (100 mm)
Change in rating of meal termination due to eating their usual amount At the end of the test meal in weeks 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 100-point visual analog scale ranging from strongly disagree (0 mm) to strongly agree (100 mm)
Change in rating of meal termination due to the food no longer tasting good At the end of the test meal in weeks 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 100-point visual analog scale ranging from strongly disagree (0 mm) to strongly agree (100 mm)
Change in bite count Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 The number of bites of food during the meal
Change in mean eating rate Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 Mean food intake per minute (grams/minute), calculated by dividing meal food intake by meal duration
Change in mean bite size Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 Mean food intake per bite (grams/bite), calculated by dividing meal food intake by bite count
Change in mean drinking rate Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 Mean water intake per minute (grams/minute), calculated by dividing meal water intake by meal duration
Change in rating of pleasantness of the taste of food samples From before the test meal to after the test meal in weeks 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 Measured on a 100-mm visual analogue scale ranging from not at all pleasant (0 mm) to extremely pleasant (100 mm). This will be used to calculate Sensory-Specific Satiety
Change in rating of hunger From before the test meal to after the test meal in weeks 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 Measured on a 100-mm visual analogue scale ranging from not at all hungry (0 mm) to extremely hungry (100 mm)
Change in rating of fullness From before the test meal to after the test meal in weeks 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 Measured on a 100-mm visual analogue scale ranging from not at all full (0 mm) to extremely full (100 mm)
Change in rating of meal termination due to fullness At the end of the test meal in weeks 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 100-point visual analog scale ranging from strongly disagree (0 mm) to strongly agree (100 mm)
Change in rating of meal termination due to there being no food left At the end of the test meal in weeks 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 100-point visual analog scale ranging from strongly disagree (0 mm) to strongly agree (100 mm)
Change in rating of meal termination due to self-consciousness about amount consumed At the end of the test meal in weeks 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 100-point visual analog scale ranging from strongly disagree (0 mm) to strongly agree (100 mm)
Change in estimation of calories consumed at the meal At the end of the test meal in weeks 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 Open ended question (number of calories)
Change in mean sip size Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 Mean water intake per sip (grams/sip), calculated by dividing meal water intake by sip count
Change in rating of how filling the participant expects this amount of food to be At the start of the test meal in weeks 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 100-point visual analog scale ranging from not at all filling (0 mm) to extremely filling (100 mm)
Change in estimation of proportion of meal eaten At the end of the test meal in weeks 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 100-point visual analog scale ranging from 0% to 100%
Change in switching between bites and sips Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 The number of switches between bites and sips during the meal
Change in rating of the size of the meal compared to participant's usual portion At the start of the test meal in weeks 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 100-point visual analog scale ranging from a lot smaller (0 mm) to a lot larger (100 mm)
Change in rating of prospective consumption of the meal At the start of the test meal in weeks 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 Measured on a 100-mm visual analogue scale ranging from nothing at all (0 mm) to a large amount (100 mm) in answer to the question 'How much food could you eat right now?'.
Change in rating of meal termination due to eating is no longer a priority At the end of the test meal in weeks 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 100-point visual analog scale ranging from strongly disagree (0 mm) to strongly agree (100 mm)
Change in meal duration Weeks 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 Duration of the meal in minutes
Trial Locations
- Locations (1)
Laboratory for the Study of Human Ingestive Behavior, The Pennsylvania State University
🇺🇸University Park, Pennsylvania, United States