Exploring the Synergistic Effects of Virtual Reality and Retrogressive Imagery on Basketball Free Throw Performance and Self-efficacy Among University Students: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Not Applicable

Completed

• Conditions: RETI; VR; FTSE
• Interventions: Behavioral: Retrogressive imagery (RETI); Behavioral: Virtual Reality (VR)

• Registration Number: NCT06565533
• Lead Sponsor: Wu Jiarun

Brief Summary

This research contributes to the growing body of evidence supporting the use of mental training techniques in sports. By demonstrating the effectiveness of RETI and VR in improving FT performance and FTSE, this study provides valuable insights for coaches, athletes, and sports psychologists.

Detailed Description

Not available

Study Timeline

• Study Start: 2023-11-05
• Primary Completion: 2024-01-05
• Study Completion: 2024-06-10
• Status Verified: 2024-08
• Study First Submitted: 2024-08-19
• Study First Submitted QC: 2024-08-19
• Last Update Submitted: 2024-08-19
• Study First Posted: 2024-08-22
• Last Update Posted: 2024-08-22

Recruitment & Eligibility

• Status: COMPLETED
• Sex: All
• Target Recruitment: 45

Inclusion Criteria

participants to be university students aged 17 to 23 years, with the ability to read and communicate in Mandarin.

Exclusion Criteria

students with visual, auditory, or other motor impairments

Study & Design

• Study Type: INTERVENTIONAL
• Study Design: PARALLEL

Arm && Interventions

Group	Intervention	Description
Retrogressive imagery (RETI)	Virtual Reality (VR)	RETI protocol was implemented over eight weeks, gradually simplifying the imagery script to focus on essential aspects of the free-throw (FT) shooting technique.
Retrogressive imagery (RETI)	Retrogressive imagery (RETI)	RETI protocol was implemented over eight weeks, gradually simplifying the imagery script to focus on essential aspects of the free-throw (FT) shooting technique.
Virtual Reality (VR)	Retrogressive imagery (RETI)	Using Virtual Reality (VR) technology, participants are fully immersed in an intense basketball game experience.
Virtual Reality (VR)	Virtual Reality (VR)	Using Virtual Reality (VR) technology, participants are fully immersed in an intense basketball game experience.

Primary Outcome Measures

Name	Time	Method
Free Throw (FT) Shooting Performance	week 8	Free throw (FT) are a closed skill technique used for scoring points under practice, field study, or game conditions. Testing was conducted before, during, and after the intervention. FTs are typically awarded to players who are fouled while shooting, and the player takes the shot from behind the FT line, which is 15 feet away from the basket. Each successful FT is worth one point. In this study, to measure shooting accuracy more precisely, we employed the following scoring system: a shot that goes through the basket without touching the rim scores 3 points; a shot that goes in after hitting the rim scores 2 points; a shot that hits the rim but does not go in scores 1 point; and a complete miss scores 0 points. Each testing session comprised two sets of 10 FT shots, with a 15-minute rest period between the sets. The total score for each testing session was calculated by summing the scores from the two sets of 10 shots, resulting in a possible range of 0 to 60.
Free throw shooting self-efficacy (FTSE)	week 8	We utilized the Free-Throw Self-Efficacy (FTSE) scale developed by Fazel (2015) to measure participants' self-efficacy in basketball free-throw shooting, following the microanalytic technique guidelines proposed by Bandura (2006). Participants were asked to imagine taking 10 consecutive free throw and to rate their confidence in successfully making each of these shots. Specifically, they were asked to indicate how certain they were that they could successfully make 1 out of 10, 2 out of 10, and so on, up to 10 out of 10 free throw. Participants rated their confidence on a scale from 0 (completely uncertain) to 10 (very certain).

Trial Locations

Locations (1)

Universiti Sains Malaysia; 🇲🇾 Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia