MRI determinants of long-term trajectories of ADHD

Recruitment & Eligibility

Status: Completed

Sex: Not specified

Target Recruitment: 60

Inclusion Criteria

For the NeuroIMAGE study, which forms the basic population within we recruit participants for DELTA, the following inclusion criteria applied: (1) a proband diagnosed with ADHD prior to the IMAGE study by a paediatrician or child psychiatrist, (2) availability of one or more siblings of each proband, (3) age of proband and sibling(s) between 6 and 18 at the time of assessment, (4) availability of proband plus sibling and at least one of their biological parents for DNA collection, and (5) To ensure the genetic homogeneity of the sample, only white Caucasians of European ancestry were included based on information on ethnicity going back to grandparents of the proband/sibling pairs. ;In order to be eligible to participate in the present study, a subject must in addition meet all of the following additional criteria:
- Have been diagnosed with ADHD in childhood, as assessed originally before the IMAGE study, or at any previous phase of IMAGE/NeuroIMAGE, and according to DSM-5 criteria of ADHD. Of note, we will adhere to the requirement of these criteria that symptoms of ADHD must have appeared before the age of 12.
- Have participated in at least one previous phase of IMAGE/NeuroIMAGE, and have thereby provided an anatomical, resting-state and diffusion MRI scan (that passed previous standard quality control criteria) as a result of this.
- Be older than 18 years. This makes it less likely that significant symptom remission typically associated with early adulthood will occur after the current assessment.

Exclusion Criteria

(1) IQ<70
(2) a diagnosis of schizophrenia or autism that might confound the diagnosis of ADHD;
(3) neurological disorders such as epilepsy and brain injury, as well as any genetic or medical disorder associated with externalising behaviors that might mimic ADHD
(4) Contra-indications for MRI, including any metal or ferromagnetic materials inside the body (e.g. dental implants, surgical implants, metal fragments as a result of accidents, pacemakers), pregnancy or suspected pregnancy, claustrophobia.

Study & Design

Study Type: Observational non invasive

Study Design: Not specified

Primary Outcome Measures

Name	Time	Method
<p>The main study parameters are:<br /><br>- Ratings of clinical symptoms of ADHD and their alterations over time<br /><br>- MRI-based markers of cortical microstructure, deep white matter<br /><br>microstructure, and functional connectivity in the brain (see Table 3).</p><br>

Secondary Outcome Measures

Name	Time	Method
<p>The following secondary measurements are taken as part of DELTA either as<br /><br>exploratory investigations of novel promising directions of study, or as<br /><br>potential confounders to be taken into account during the statistical analysis:<br /><br>- Personal history of medication use and therapy<br /><br>- Wechsler abbreviated scale of intelligence: block design and vocabulary<br /><br>subtests<br /><br>- Family interview for genetic studies<br /><br>- Response inhibition task (Stop-signal task)<br /><br>- Substance use and dependence questionnaire<br /><br>- Academic achievement questionnaire<br /><br>- Mental Health Continuum questionnaire (about positive mental health and level<br /><br>of functioning)<br /><br>- Imaginal processes inventory (about mind wandering)<br /><br>- NEO-five factor invetory of personality</p><br>