The GUARDIAN Trial

Not Applicable

Recruiting

• Conditions: Blood Pressure

• Registration Number: NCT04884802
• Lead Sponsor: The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston

Brief Summary

An international randomized trial to test the primary hypothesis that perioperative tight blood pressure management reduces a composite of major perfusion-related complications (myocardial injury, stroke, non-fatal cardiac arrest, Stage 2-3 acute kidney injury, deep or organ-space infection, sepsis, and death) in the 30 days after major non-cardiac surgery.

The treatments will be: 1) norepinephrine or phenylephrine infusion to maintain intraoperative MAP ≥85 mmHg (tight pressure management); or, 2) routine intraoperative blood pressure management (routine pressure management).

Detailed Description

Qualifying patients will be randomized 1:1, with random-sized blocks, stratified by site. The treatments will be: 1) norepinephrine or phenylephrine infusion to maintain intraoperative MAP ≥85 mmHg (tight pressure management); or, 2) routine intraoperative blood pressure management (routine pressure management).

Tight pressure management: In patients assigned to tight pressure management, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers will not be given the morning of surgery. Other chronic antihypertensives will only be given as necessary to treat hypertension. General anesthesia will be induced with propofol or etomidate which will be given in repeated small boluses or target-controlled infusion in an effort to keep mean arterial pressure ≥85 mmHg. Simultaneously, the vasopressor infusion will be adjusted with the same goal. Anesthetic dose, fluid administration, and vasopressor administration will be adjusted with the goal of maintaining the individual designated baseline mean arterial pressure. Invasive or non-invasive advanced hemodynamic monitoring is not required, but should be used when practical. Clinicians should use available information to optimize vascular volume, afterload, and inotropy.

Routine pressure management: In patients assigned to routine pressure management, ACEIs, ARBs, and/or calcium channel blockers can be given the morning of surgery if deemed appropriate by the attending anesthesiologist. General anesthesia will be induced and maintained per routine.

In both groups, other aspects of anesthetic management will be at the discretion of the responsible anesthesiologist, including the types and volumes of various fluids. Volatile or intravenous anesthesia is permitted. There will be no limitation on ancillary vasoactive, chronotropic, and inotropic drugs. Clinicians will be free to use advanced hemodynamic monitoring (e.g., pulse-wave analysis, esophageal Doppler, etc.). Blood products will be given per routine. Similarly, postoperative analgesic management will be per routine and clinician preference. Neuraxial and peripheral nerve blocks are permitted, but epidural catheters should not be activated until surgery is nearly finished.

In all cases, good judgement will predominate.

Study Timeline

• Study First Submitted: 2021-04-05
• Study First Submitted QC: 2021-05-07
• Study First Posted: 2021-05-13
• Study Start: 2021-07-25
• Status Verified: 2025-07
• Last Update Submitted: 2025-08-23
• Last Update Posted: 2025-08-29
• Primary Completion: 2026-12-31
• Study Completion: 2027-04-25

Recruitment & Eligibility

• Status: RECRUITING
• Sex: All
• Target Recruitment: 6254

Inclusion Criteria

1. At least 45 years old;

2. Scheduled for major noncardiac surgery expected to last at least 2 hours;

3. Having general anesthesia, neuraxial anesthesia, or the combination;

4. Expected to require at least overnight hospitalization (planned ICU admission is acceptable);

5. Are designated ASA physical status 2-4 (ranging from mild systemic disease through severe systemic disease that is a constant threat to life);

6. Expected to have direct intraoperative blood pressure monitoring with an arterial catheter;

7. Cared for by clinicians willing to follow the GUARDIAN protocol;

8. Subject to at least one of the following risk factors:

   1. Age >65 years;
   2. History of peripheral arterial disease;
   3. History of coronary artery disease;
   4. History of stroke or transient ischemic attack;
   5. Serum creatinine >175 μmol/L (>2.0 mg/dl) within 6 months;
   6. Diabetes requiring medication;
   7. Current smoking or 15 pack-year history of smoking tobacco;
   8. Scheduled for major vascular surgery;
   9. Body mass index ≥35 kg/m2;
   10. Preoperative high-sensitivity troponin T >14 ng/L or troponin I equivalent, defined as ≥15 ng/L (Abbott assay), 19 ng/L (Siemens assay, [Borges, unpublished]), or 25% of the 99% percentile for other assays - all within 6 months;
   11. B-type natriuretic protein (BNP) >80 ng/L or N-terminal B-type natriuretic protein (NTProBNP) >200 ng/L within six months.

Exclusion Criteria

1. Are scheduled for carotid artery surgery;
2. Are scheduled for intracranial surgery;
3. Are scheduled for partial or complete nephrectomy;
4. Are scheduled for pheochromocytoma surgery;
5. Are scheduled for liver or kidney transplantation;
6. Require preoperative intravenous vasoactive medications;
7. Have a condition that precludes routine or tight blood pressure management such as surgeon request for relative hypotension;
8. Require beach-chair positioning;
9. Have a documented history of dementia;
10. Have language, vision, or hearing impairments that may compromise cognitive assessments;
11. Have contraindications to norepinephrine or phenylephrine per clinician judgement;
12. Have previously participated in the GUARDIAN trial.

Study & Design

• Study Type: INTERVENTIONAL
• Study Design: PARALLEL

Primary Outcome Measures

Name	Time	Method
Number of Participants with a Composite of Major Perfusion-Related Complications	During the initial 30 days after major non-cardiac surgery	The primary outcome is a composite of major perfusion-related complications (myocardial injury, stroke, non-fatal cardiac arrest, Stage 2-3 acute kidney injury, deep or organ-space infection, sepsis, and death) in the 30 days after major non-cardiac surgery.

Secondary Outcome Measures

Name	Time	Method
Number of Participants with Postoperative Delirium	Initial 4 postoperative days.	The Postoperative 3-Minute Diagnostic Interview for the Confusion Assessment Method (3D CAM) will be used twice daily to assess for the presence of delirium.

Trial Locations

Locations (20)

Cleveland Clinic Main Campus; 🇺🇸 Cleveland, Ohio, United States

The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; 🇺🇸 Houston, Texas, United States

Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine; 🇨🇳 Shanghai, China

The Affiliated Lianyungang Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University; 🇨🇳 Xuzhou, China

Bakirkoy Dr. Sadi Konuk Research and Training Hospital; Bakırköy, Turkey (Türkiye)

Konya City Hospital; Konya, Turkey (Türkiye)

University of Nebraska Medical Center; 🇺🇸 Omaha, Nebraska, United States

Wake Forest University; 🇺🇸 Wake Forest, North Carolina, United States

MetroHealth Medical Center; 🇺🇸 Cleveland, Ohio, United States

Cleveland Clinic Fairview Hospital; 🇺🇸 Cleveland, Ohio, United States

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