Vitamin D to Improve Endothelial Function in SLE

Phase 2

Completed

Conditions: Atherosclerosis
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Interventions: Drug: Cholecalciferol

Registration Number: NCT01911169

Lead Sponsor: Medical University of South Carolina

Brief Summary: Determine the effect of vitamin D repletion on flow mediated dilation (FMD, a measure of endothelial function) in vitamin D deficient systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients. The investigators will enroll vitamin D deficient SLE patients and randomize them to receive either 400 IU or 5,000 IU of cholecalciferol (D3) daily and measure change in FMD as a measure of EC function at baseline and after 16 weeks of repletion.

Determine mechanisms by which vitamin D repletion may improve endothelial function in vitamin D deficient SLE patients and in vitro.

Determine effect of oral D3 repletion on the Type I interferon signature in WISH and ECs cultured with pre and post plasma from D3 treated lupus patients.

Determine effect of D3 repletion on the number of circulating apoptotic and non-apoptotic EC and EPC ex vivo.

Determine effect of exogenous 1,25(OH)D on IFN gene signature in WISH and ECs stimulated by pretreatment SLE plasma in vitro.

Determine the effects of exogenous 1,25(OH)D on the phenotype of ECs cultured with pretreatment lupus plasma.

This study is designed to efficiently test our hypothesis and begin to define interferon-dependent pathways through which vitamin D repletion can restore clinical and in vitro endothelial function.

Detailed Description: Specific Aim 1. Determine the effect of vitamin D repletion on changes in flow mediated dilation (FMD) in vitamin D deficient SLE patients. The investigators hypothesize that 25(OH)D repletion will improve endothelial function in 25(OH)D deficient lupus patients. For this pilot study, the investigators have opted to use a Randomized Phase II screening design (36). The screening design is meant to provide preliminary comparisons of an experimental treatment to an appropriate control, with the idea that the pilot study would provide valuable information to aid in the design of a definitive Phase III evaluation, should the experimental treatment prove promising in the Phase II trial. The trial is designed to determine the effect of vitamin D repletion with D3 on FMD in vitamin D deficient SLE subjects. Approximately 50 SLE subjects will be screened for total 25(OH) vitamin D (25(OH)D) levels and inclusion/exclusion criteria. However, screening will continue only until 32 participants have been enrolled that have total serum 25(OH)vitamin D levels ≤ 20 ng/ml and meet inclusion/exclusion criteria. A baseline FMD, interferon (IFN) signature assays, and levels of circulating non- and apoptotic endothelial cells (EC) and endothelial progenitor cell (EPC) will be performed at the baseline visit. Participants will be will be randomized into two equal groups of 16 to receive one of two daily oral D3 doses previously used in supplementation trials with no evidence of harm. Group 1 (controls) will receive 400 international units (IU) of D3 daily. Group 2 will receive 5,000 IU daily. Studies of supplementation in subjects deficient in vitamin D demonstrate that supplementation with 1,000, 5,000, and 10,000 IU daily result in increases in 25(OH)D of 4.8, 36.7, and 63.8 ng/mL without evidence of toxicity (37). In this study, steady state levels were achieved at 90 days. As shown in our preliminary studies, 4,000 IU daily is safe and effective at repletion in our lupus clinic population. Some subjects had not achieved steady state at 90 days, so the invesitgators have chosen to dose for 16 weeks. The primary endpoint will be a change in FMD after 16 weeks of vitamin D repletion. The secondary endpoint will be the reduction in IFN signature and level of circulating apoptotic ECs/EPCs in response to vitamin D repletion from baseline to 16 weeks.

Specific Aim 2. Determine mechanisms by which vitamin D repletion may improve endothelial function in vitamin D deficient SLE patients and in vitro.

2.1 Determine effect of oral vitamin D3 repletion on the Type I interferon signature in WISH and ECs cultured with pre and post plasma from D3 treated lupus patients. The investigators hypothesize that the plasma-induced IFN gene signature will reduce with 25(OH)D repletion.

2.2 Determine effect of D3 repletion on the number of circulating apoptotic and non-apoptotic EC and EPC ex vivo. The investigators hypothesize that D3 repletion will reduce the number of apoptotic EC and EPC and increase the number of non-apoptotic EPC in association with improved FMD.

2.3 Determine effect of exogenous 1,25(OH)D on IFN gene signature in WISH and ECs stimulated by pretreatment SLE plasma in vitro. This aim is designed to address the specific question of whether the effect of vitamin D is at least partially due to a direct rather than indirect effect on endothelial response to SLE plasma IFN.

2.4 Determine the effects of exogenous 1,25(OH)D on the phenotype of ECs cultured with pretreatment lupus plasma. This aim was designed to probe the functional significance of vitamin D repletion and reduction of the IFN response on the endothelial phenotype.

Recruitment & Eligibility

Status: COMPLETED

Sex: All

Target Recruitment: 9

Inclusion Criteria

Diagnosis of SLE per 1997 American College of Rheumatology Criteria(at least 4 criteria present)
Documented Vitamin D deficiency
Able to give informed consent

Exclusion Criteria

Using tobacco products
Pregnant/Planning pregnancy
Known Hypercalcemia (Serum Ca >10.4)
Known Hypercalcuria (Calcium/Creatinine >0.8)
Chronic active lupus nephritis or end stage renal disease or kidney stones
Known Hyperparathyroidism
Known chronic viral/mycobacterial infections
Uncontrolled medical disease - Pl judgment
Current drug or alcohol abuse
Anticipated poor compliance/known neuropsychiatric disorders
Hx of cardiovascular events (i.e. Ml, PVD, CVE)
Subjects taking medications known to affect FMD in lupus subjects such as but not limited to fish oil, statins, will remain on stable doses throughout the study.

Study & Design

Study Type: INTERVENTIONAL

Study Design: SINGLE_GROUP

Arm && Interventions

Group	Intervention	Description
Vitamin D 5000	Cholecalciferol	5,000 IU vitamin D (cholecalciferol) given orally daily
Vitamin D 400	Cholecalciferol	cholecalciferol 400 IU daily by mouth

Primary Outcome Measures

Name	Time	Method
Change at Week 16 in % Flow Mediated Dilation in Those Who Did and Did Not Replete Vitamin D	from zero to sixteen weeks	Measures were be performed with a Phillips iU22 Ultrasound system and a L9-3 9 mHz probe in 2D mode by a single operator using EKG gating. Baseline measures of brachial artery diameter will be made after the 10 minutes of rest. The blood pressure cuff, placed on the ipsilateral forearm, was inflated to 50 mmHg above the patient's systolic blood pressure for five minutes and then released. Endothelium-dependent FMD was measured continuously during and for three minutes after cuff release. Subjects rested for 10 minutes. Then, endothelium-independent dilation was measured 3 minutes after administration of 0.4 mg of sublingual nitroglycerine. The outcome (%FMD) was the difference between the average endothelium dependent diameter after cuff deflation and the average baseline diameter. The absolute difference between the % FMD at baseline and 16 week follow up was reported.

Secondary Outcome Measures