Radiation Therapy in Treating Patients With Stage II Prostate Cancer

Phase 3

Completed

Conditions: Prostate Cancer

Registration Number: NCT00331773

Lead Sponsor: Radiation Therapy Oncology Group

Brief Summary: RATIONALE: Giving radiation therapy that uses a 3-dimensional (3-D) image of the tumor to help focus thin beams of radiation directly on the tumor, and giving hypofractionated radiation therapy (higher doses over a shorter period of time), may be less costly with fewer side effects and just as effective in treating prostate cancer.

PURPOSE: This randomized phase III trial is studying several different radiation therapy regimens to compare how well they work in treating patients with stage II prostate cancer.

Detailed Description: OBJECTIVES:

Primary

* Compare the disease-free survival (DFS) of patients with favorable-risk stage II prostate cancer treated with hypofractionated vs conventionally fractionated three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT) or intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT).

Secondary

* Compare time to local progression, freedom from biochemical recurrence, and disease-specific and overall survival of patients treated with these regimens.

* Determine the incidence of gastrointestinal and genitourinary toxic effects in patients treated with these regimens.

* Compare the degree, duration, and significant differences in disease-specific health-related quality of life (HRQOL) decrements, using the Expanded Prostate Cancer Index Composite (EPIC), in patients treated with these regimens.

* Determine whether anxiety and/or depression, as measured by the Hopkins Symptom Checklist-25 (HSCL-25), are decreased with therapy that improves DFS of these patients .

* Determine whether the incremental gain in DFS outweighs decrements in the generic domains of HRQOL (i.e., mobility, self care, usual activities, pain/discomfort, and anxiety/depression) in patients treated with these regimens.

* Conduct a cost-utility analysis of hypofractionated 3D-CRT or IMRT as a prostate cancer therapy if this regimen is shown to be as effective as conventionally fractionated 3D-CRT or IMRT in improving DFS.

OUTLINE: This is a randomized, controlled, multicenter study. Patients are stratified according to Gleason score (2-4 vs 5-6), prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level (\< 4 ng/mL vs 4-\<9 ng/mL), and planned radiotherapy modality (three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy \[3D-CRT\] vs intensity-modulated radiotherapy \[IMRT\]). Patients are randomized to 1 of 2 treatment arms.

* Arm I: Patients undergo conventionally fractionated 3D-CRT or IMRT once daily 5 days a week for 8.2 weeks (total of 41 treatments).

* Arm II: Patients undergo hypofractionated 3D-CRT or IMRT once daily 5 days a week for 5.6 weeks (total of 28 treatments).

Quality of life, anxiety, and depression are assessed at baseline and then at 6 months and 1, 2, and 5 years after the start of radiotherapy.

After completion of study treatment, patients are followed every 3 months for 2 years, every 6 months for 3 years, and then annually thereafter.

PROJECTED ACCRUAL: A total of 1,067 patients will be accrued to this study.

Recruitment & Eligibility

Status: COMPLETED

Sex: Male

Target Recruitment: 1116

Inclusion Criteria

Not provided

Exclusion Criteria

Not provided

Study & Design

Study Type: INTERVENTIONAL

Study Design: PARALLEL

Primary Outcome Measures

Name	Time	Method
Five-year Disease-free Survival (DFS) Rate	Analysis occurs after all patients have been followed for five years.	Five-year rates are estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method. DFS events included local progression, distant metastatic progression, biochemical recurrence as defined by the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) Phoenix definition, or death from any cause. Patients who experienced second primary cancers remained under observation for DFS events.

Secondary Outcome Measures

Name	Time	Method
Five-year Local Progression Rate	Analysis occurs after all patients have been followed for five years.	Clinical criteria for local recurrence are progression (increase in palpable abnormality) at any time, failure of regression of the palpable tumor by 2 years, and redevelopment of a palpable abnormality after complete disappearance of previous abnormalities. Histologic criteria for local recurrence are presence of prostatic carcinoma upon biopsy and positive biopsy of the palpably normal prostate more than 2 years after the start of treatment. The arms were not statistically compared because of an insufficient number of events.
Five-year PSA Failure Rate	Analysis occurs after all patients have been followed for five years.	Five-year rates are shown (cumulative incidence estimates). Note, although the protocol calls this endpoint "Freedom from biochemical recurrence", it defines the endpoint as "The time to PSA failure". An event for PSA, i.e. biochemical, failure was the first of the following: initiation of non-protocol (e.g., salvage) hormone therapy, or an increase in PSA of at least 2 ng/mL. Time to biochemical failure was measured from study entry until the date of failure.
Frequency of Patients With GU and GI Acute and Late Toxicity	Acute toxicity is measured from start of treatment to 90 days from the completion of treatment. Late toxicity is defined as toxicity occuring after 90 days from completion of treatment. Analysis occured at the time of the primary endpoint analysis.	The frequency of genitourinary (GU) and gastrointestinal (GI) adverse events as defined and graded according to the National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (version 3) were compared between treatment arms. Acute toxicity was defined as any toxicity beginning within 90 days of completion of RT, and late toxicity was defined as any toxicity beginning more than 90 days after the completion of RT. Acute and late GU and GI toxicity rates were tabulated and reported in two ways: dichotomized as \< grade 2 vs ≥ grade 2, and dichotomized as \< grade 3 vs ≥ grade 3. Higher grade indicates more severity.
The Utilization of Sexual Medications/Devices Questionaire	Baseline, 6, 12, and 24 months, and 5 years	The Utilization of Sexual Medications/Devices questionaire is designed to assess the use of erectile aids among patients treated for prostate cancer. This instrument is used to complement the sexual symptom domain in the EPIC. The percentage of "Yes" responses to the following questions are reported: "Do you have a penile prosthesis", "Have you used an medications or devices to aid or improve erections?".
Assessment of Trade-off Between Disease-free Survival and Quality of Life.	From baseline to 5 years from the start of treatment	To examine trade-offs between the survival time and QOL, we were to combine them for each patient into two single measurements: quality adjusted live year (QALY) and quality adjusted disease-free survival year (QADFSY). We were to use Glasziou's multiple health-state (Q-TWiST) models to use the repeated measures of EQ-5D.
Five-year Disease-specific Survival Rate	Analysis occurs after all patients have been followed for five years.	An event was death in association with any of the following conditions: * Primary cause of death certified as due to prostate cancer * Further clinical tumor progression occurring after initiation of "salvage" anti-tumor (e.g., (androgen suppression) therapy * A rise (that exceeds 1.0 ng/mL) in the serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level on at least two consecutive occasions that occurs during or after "salvage" androgen suppression therapy * Disease progression in the absence of any anti-tumor therapy * Death from a complication of therapy, irrespective of disease status. The arms were not statistically compared because of an insufficient number of events.
Change From Baseline in Assessment of Anxiety and Depression Using the HSCL-25	Baseline, 6 months, 12 months, 24 months, and 5 years	Anxiety and depression were measured with the Hopkins Symptom Checklist (HSCL-25). It consists of 25 items: Part I of the HSCL-25 has 10 items for anxiety symptoms; Part II has 15 items for depression symptoms. The scale for each question includes four categories of response ("Not at all," "A little," "Quite a bit," "Extremely," rated 1 to 4, respectively). Two scores are calculated: the total score is the average of all 25 items and ranges from 0 to 100. A higher score indicates worse symptoms. The HSCL-25 tool was assessed at baseline, 6 months, 12 months, 24 months, and 5 years. For each patient, the change in score from baseline to the time point is calculated by subtracting the baseline value from the time point value.
EQ-5D Scores	Baseline, 6 months, 12 months, 24 months, and 5 years	The EQ-5D is a 2-part self-assessment questionnaire. First part is 5 items (mobility, self care, usual activities, pain/discomfort, anxiety/depression) each with 3 problem levels (1-none, 2-moderate, 3-extreme). Health states are defined by the combination of the leveled responses to the 5 dimensions, generating 243 health states to which unconsciousness and death are added. The 2nd part is a visual analogue scale (VAS) valuing current health state, measured on a 20-cm 10-point interval scale. Worst imaginable health state is scored as 0 at the bottom of the scale, and best imaginable health state is scored as 100 at the top. Both the 5-item index score and the VAS score are transformed into a utility score between 0 -Worst health stat and 1 -Best health state. A two-sided Wilcoxon test with alpha 0.05 was used due to the skewed, thus non-normal, nature of the data.
Statistical Modeling of Genomic Biomarkers	Baseline biomarker collection. Analysis would occur after the primary endpoint analysis.
Five-year Overall Survival Rate	Analysis occurs after all patients have been followed for five years.	Five-year rates Kaplan-Meier estimates. Overall survival (OS) was measured from study entry until the date of death. Patients still alive at the time of analysis were censored at the date of last follow-up
Comparison of Disease-specific HRQOL Change in Expanded Prostate Cancer Index Composite (EPIC); the Utilization of Sexual Medications/Devices Supplements the EPIC	Baseline, 6, 12, and 24 months, and 5 years	Prostate cancer (PC) Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQOL) outcomes as measured by change over time in the Expanded Prostate Cancer Index Composite \[EPIC\], a PC HRQOL instrument measuring a broad spectrum of urinary, bowel, and sexual symptoms related to radiotherapy, is compared between arms. The EPIC questionnaire was grouped into four domains (bowel, urinary, sexual, hormonal), each with a score ranging from 0 (worst) to 100 (best), and was assessed at baseline, 6, 12, and 24 months, and 5 years. The difference in score from baseline to each time point was calculated and the Wilcoxon test statistic was used to test the null hypothesis that responses are the same across the two treatment arms vs. the alternative hypothesis that they are different, using a 2-sided alpha of 0.05 at each timepoint, resulting in an alpha of 0.0125 for each domain. Each row refers to a separate analysis.

Trial Locations

Locations (294): Arizona Oncology Services Foundation
🇺🇸
Phoenix, Arizona, United States
Arizona Oncology - Tucson
🇺🇸
Tucson, Arizona, United States
Auburn Radiation Oncology
🇺🇸
Auburn, California, United States
Alta Bates Summit Comprehensive Cancer Center
🇺🇸
Berkeley, California, United States
Providence Saint Joseph Medical Center - Burbank
🇺🇸
Burbank, California, United States
Peninsula Medical Center
🇺🇸
Burlingame, California, United States
Radiation Oncology Centers - Cameron Park
🇺🇸
Cameron Park, California, United States
Mercy Cancer Center at Mercy San Juan Medical Center
🇺🇸
Carmichael, California, United States
East Bay Radiation Oncology Center
🇺🇸
Castro Valley, California, United States
Valley Medical Oncology Consultants - Castro Valley
🇺🇸
Castro Valley, California, United States
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Arizona Oncology Services Foundation
🇺🇸Phoenix, Arizona, United States