Analgesia-first Minimal Sedation for Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage Early Antihypertensive Treatment
- Conditions
- Early Systolic Blood Pressure Control RateDuration of ICU Treatment and Mechanical VentilationBlood Pressure VariabilityHealthcare Worker SatisfactionHematoma Growth
- Interventions
- Combination Product: Analgesia-first minimal sedationCombination Product: Antihypertensive treatment
- Registration Number
- NCT03207100
- Lead Sponsor
- Hong Yang
- Brief Summary
This study evaluates safety and efficacy of analgesia-first minimal sedation as an early antihypertensive treatment for spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. The analgesia-first minimal sedation strategy relies on the remifentanil-mediated alleviation of pain-induced stress response and the antisympathetic activity of dexmedetomidine to restore the elevated blood pressure to normal level in patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. This strategy allows rapid stabilization of blood pressure, and its use as a pre-treatment for patients on mechanical ventilation prior to painful procedures reduces blood pressure variability and thereby results in etiologic treatment. It is more effective in blood pressure control than conventional symptomatic antihypertensive treatment, reduces the incidence of early hematoma expansion and improves prognosis, ,lowers healthcare workers workload, increases patient adherence, and improves healthcare worker satisfaction.
- Detailed Description
Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is hemorrhage in the brain parenchyma caused by non-traumatic spontaneous rupture of cerebral artery, arteriole, vein and capillary in adults. ICH is a common problem, with subarachnoid hemorrhage. About 90% ICH patients have increased blood pressure (BP) that usually occurs immediately after disease onset. BP elevation in the acute phase of ICH is associated with poor prognosis, and its mechanism of action includes the local increase of initial hemorrhage, early hematoma expansion at hemorrhagic sites, the increased risk of early recurrent hemorrhage, serious cerebral edema, and recurrent stroke, this affects the most within the few hours following the onset of the disease. The current American Heart Association guidelines recommended early antihypertensive treatment and suggested that rapid decrease of BP to 140 mmHg is safe in ICH patients with no obvious antihypertensive contraindications. However, the significant differences between large studies conducted in recent years have led to great controversy on the effect of early antihypertensive treatment in acute ICH and disease prognosis. A meta-analysis of early antihypertensive treatment for ICH showed that differences in early BP control rate and BP increase variability are also the major causes of inconsistency between these studies. There is currently no consensus on the best antihypertensive regimen as it is difficult to reach the optimal BP level timely. Some studies have shown that stress response, pain, ICP increase and pre-onset BP elevation are factors that cause acute BP increase in ICH patients. In particular, restlessness, sleep deprivation, and stress due to intolerable pain can lead to dramatic BP and intracranial pressure (ICP) increases, further lead to secondary intracerebral hematoma expansion and subsequently cause neurologic degeneration and cerebral tissue damage. Therefore, the primary principles of ICH acute BP increase treatment are to keep quiet, restore BP to normal level, stably reduce BP, decrease BP variability, lower the chance of recurrent hemorrhage, and thereby improve long-term prognosis. Traditional antihypertensive treatment can only resolve the issue of BP elevation but not the root cause of disease. Analgesia and sedation is a critical component of and a global consensus in the clinical management of ICH patients. Remifentanil is a fentanyl μ-type opioid receptor agonist with strong and fast-acting analgesic effects, does not induce ICP elevation and can alleviate pain induced by sputum aspiration, body turning and back clapping in severe patients. A randomized trial on patients with craniocerebral injury has indicated that a remifentanil-based sedation strategy can significantly reduce the amount of sedative used and shorten the time of mechanical ventilation without affecting the functional assessment of the nervous system. Dexmedetomidine is an α2-adrenergic agonist that inhibits sympathetic activity by activating the pre-synaptic α2-receptor in the locus coeruleus, which in turn reduces norepinephrine release, that only slightly affects consciousness and breathing and helps patients with craniocerebral injury stay conscious while under sedation, allowing real-time functional assessment of the nervous system. Therefore, the research group developed a treatment strategy in which sufficient analgesia is applied in combination with a minimal sedation program as an effective and safe early an- tihypertensive treatment.We hypothesize that applying sufficient analgesia in combination with a minimal sedation program will involve the use of remifentanil for pain relief and dexmedetomidine for antisympathetic activity to restore elevated BP to normal levels in patients with spontaneous ICH, and we further hypothesize that this strategy will be more effective than conventional symptomatic antihypertensive treatment for controlling BP.
Recruitment & Eligibility
- Status
- COMPLETED
- Sex
- All
- Target Recruitment
- 338
- Definitive diagnosis of ICH-induced acute brain injury by CT;
- Systolic BP ≥150 mmHg for at least twice;
- >18 years old;
- Feasible for emergency antihypertensive treatment and real-time BP monitoring;
- Disease onset is within 24h;
- ICU or stroke unit admission within 24h.
- Subject has contraindications for emergency intensified antihypertensive treatment;
- Intracranial hemorrhage secondary to intracranial tumor, recent trauma, cerebral infarction and thrombolytic therapy;
- History of ischemic stroke within 30 days before disease onset;
- Clinical or imaging examination reveals an expected high mortality in subject within the next 24h;
- Presence of dementia or significant post-stroke disability;
- Coagulation disorder caused by drugs or hematologic diseases;
- Allergy to opioids;
- Interference test result, assessment and follow-up of comorbidity;
- Presence of sinus arrest, borderline rhythm, grade II and above atrioventricular block and malignant arrhythmia;
- Individual is pregnant or lactating;
- Currently participating in other drug studies or clinical trials;
- Subject or guardian is unwilling to provide his/her informed consent form, or subject is highly unable to persist with the study and follow-up;
- Subject's participation in the study will increase his/her study-related risk, and other reasons that make the subject unsuitable for the study as determined by the investigator.
Study & Design
- Study Type
- INTERVENTIONAL
- Study Design
- PARALLEL
- Arm && Interventions
Group Intervention Description Analgesia-first minimal sedation group Analgesia-first minimal sedation Using analgesia-first minimal sedation strategy to implement antihypertensive therapy. Antihypertensive drug treatment group Antihypertensive treatment Using routine antihypertensive drugs to implement antihypertensive therapy.
- Primary Outcome Measures
Name Time Method Systolic BP control rate at 1h post-treatment initiation 1h post-treatment initiation The number of patients who systolic BP decreased to \<140 mmHg at 1h post-treatment initiation compared to the total number of each group.
- Secondary Outcome Measures
Name Time Method Hematoma growth at 24 h 24h of treatment Head CT re-examination is required for the subjects after 24h of treatment.Hematoma expansion is defined as V2-V1≥12.5 cm³ or (V2-V1)/V1\>33% (V1 and V2 represent the hematoma volume in the two CT scans, respectively).
Healthcare worker satisfaction 7 day or discharge from ICU (if patients discharge from ICU in 7 days) Questionnaire is designed based on the Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire, with a parameter for self-assessed workload.
28-day mortality and disability rate 28 days Using a binary indicator of the patient's death or dependency at 28 days, with dependency being defined by a score of 3 to 5 on the modified Rankin Score (mRS)
90-day mortality and disability rate 90 days Using a binary indicator of the patient's death or dependency at 90 days, with dependency being defined by a score of 3 to 5 on the modified Rankin Score (mRS)
BP variability Up to 7 days BPs are also recorded every hour from hour 2 to 24 post-treatment, and monitored on d2-d7 of treatment of recorded every 6h daily (4 times per day); BP Coefficient of Variation (CV) = (standard deviation of BP/mean of systolic BP).
Duration of ICU treatment and mechanical ventilation Up to 7 days Duration of ICU treatment and mechanical ventilation
cerebral tissue oxygenation index (TOI) Up to 7 days and around sputum aspiration Assess changes in the TOI after sputum aspiration in mechanical ventilation patients
Neurologic function Up to 7 days Assessed once every morning using the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS), Glasgow Coma Scale scores (GCS), Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale (RASS), Nonverbal Adult Pain Assessment Scale (NVPS), Reaction Level Scale (RLS).
Trial Locations
- Locations (17)
Zhongshan People's Hospital
🇨🇳Zhongshan, Guangdong, China
Xinqiao Hospital of Army Medical University
🇨🇳Chongqing, Chongqing, China
The First Hospital of Lanzhou University
🇨🇳Lanzhou, Gansu, China
Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University
🇨🇳Beijing, Beijing, China
The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University
🇨🇳Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
Guangdong 999 Brain Hospital
🇨🇳Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
MaoMing People's Hospital
🇨🇳Maoming, Guangdong, China
The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University
🇨🇳Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
The Second People's Hospital of Shenzhen
🇨🇳Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
The Fifth Affiliated Hospital Sun-yet sen University
🇨🇳Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
Henan Provincial People's Hospital
🇨🇳Zhengzhou, Henan, China
The Second Hospital University of South China
🇨🇳Hengyang, Hunan, China
The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region
🇨🇳Nanning, Guangxi, China
The First Affiliated Hospital of HuNan University of Medicine
🇨🇳Huaihua, Hunan, China
Qilu Hospital of Shandong University
🇨🇳Qingdao, Shandong, China
The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University
🇨🇳Ürümqi, Xinjiang, China
The First Affiliated Hospital of Kuming Medical University
🇨🇳Kunming, Yunnan, China