A Causal Role for Voltage-gated Cav1.2 Calcium Channels in Mediating 5G FR1 Effects on Sleep-associated Brain Health in Humans

Not Applicable

Recruiting

• Conditions: Mediation of 5G Effects on Sleep
• Interventions: Drug: Nimodipine Capsules; Radiation: 5G RF-EMF

• Registration Number: NCT06998368
• Lead Sponsor: Hans-Peter Landolt

Brief Summary

Electromagnetic fields (EMFs) generated by the use of 5G technology influence certain sleep characteristics, especially in individuals carrying a specific genetic variant of a protein in the brain that regulates the activity of nerve cells. This protein is a voltage-gated calcium channel called CaV1.2 and could be involved in the effects of 5G technology on sleep. The calcium channel CaV1.2 can be selectively blocked by the drug nimodipine.

To demonstrate that CaV1.2 is indeed involved in the effects of 5G technology on sleep, the researchers are investigating in this study, with healthy subjects carrying the sought-after genetic variant, whether the administration of nimodipine and thus the blockade of the calcium channel before exposure mitigates or eliminates the effects of EMF on sleep health.

Detailed Description

This study tests a causal role of voltage-gated CaV1.2 calcium channels in mediating the effects of a 5G electromagnetic field on sleep-related brain health in humans.

The study comprises a large-scale genetic screening in order to select the allele-carriers, a sleep screening night, and four experimental nights where participants are exposed to either an active 5G field or sham, combined with either nimodipine (which is a brain-penetrant L-type calcium channel blocker) or placebo. Participants will undergo polysomnographic recordings, high-density electroencephalography (EEG) during wake, peripheral measurements, cognitive and neuropsychiatric assessments.

Study Timeline

• Study Start: 2024-10-22
• Study First Submitted: 2025-04-23
• Status Verified: 2025-05
• Study First Submitted QC: 2025-05-21
• Last Update Submitted: 2025-05-21
• Study First Posted: 2025-05-31
• Last Update Posted: 2025-05-31
• Primary Completion: 2026-06
• Study Completion: 2026-12

Recruitment & Eligibility

• Status: RECRUITING
• Sex: All
• Target Recruitment: 30

Inclusion Criteria

For the first part of the study (genotyping and questionnaires):

• Age: 20-40 years old.
• German and/or English language skills (reading and writing)
• Informed Consent as documented by signature

For the second and third party of the study:

• Completion of the first part of the present study or of the precursor study (BASEC-ID: 2016-02049)

• CACNA1C rs7304986 T/C allele-carrier

• Male gender

• Female gender if using hormonal contraception for the duration of the study (e.g., pill as combination/single preparation, three-month injection, hormonal IUD, hormonal implant, hormonal patch)

• Right-handedness

• Body Mass Index (BMI): BMI comprised between 17.0 kg/m2 and 26.0 kg/m2

  • Moderate alcohol consumption (less than 5 reported alcoholic drinks per week)
  • Moderate caffeine consumption (less than 3 reported caffeinated beverage or food products per day such as cola, coffee, energy drinks, green and black tea, chocolate)
  • Informed Consent as documented by signature.

Exclusion Criteria

For the second and third party of the study:

• Travel with a time difference of more than 2 time zones in the last 30 days before study entry or during the study period
• Shift work at night
• Extreme chronotype or duration of sleep (5 hours < reported habitual sleep duration per night > 10 hours)
• Known sleep disorders or diseases
• Serious acute or chronic neurological, mental, or general medical conditions that, in the opinion of the investigator, may pose a risk to participation or affect study measurements
• Use of medications (regularly or during the study period) that, in the opinion of the investigator, may affect study measurements.
• Use of illegal drugs
• Smoking (or other tobacco use)
• Known or suspected non-compliance with the investigators' indications
• Inability to follow the procedures of the study, e.g., due to language problems, psychological disorders, dementia, etc.
• Severe skin allergies or hypersensitivities
• Participation in another clinical trial in the last 30 days prior to inclusion or during the present study
• Contraindications to nimodipine, e.g., known hypersensitivity or allergy to nimodipine or any of the excipients
• Other cases in which the use of nimodipine is discouraged according to the summary of product characteristics (SPC)
• Women who are pregnant or breast feeding
• Intention to become pregnant during the course of the study
• Lack of safe contraception, defined as: female participants of childbearing potential, not using and not willing to continue using a medically reliable method of contraception for the entire study duration, such as oral, injectable, or implantable contraceptives, or intrauterine contraceptive devices, or who are not using any other method considered sufficiently reliable by the investigator in individual cases (Note: Female participants who are surgically sterilized / hysterectomized or post-menopausal for longer than 2 years are not considered as being of child bearing potential)
• Sleep apnea and nocturnal myoclonus index of ≥ 5 per hour of sleep (as assessed during the screening night)
• Sleep efficiency < 80% (as assessed during the screening night)
• Other relevant findings in the screening/adaptation night (e.g., indications of sleep disorders), which in the opinion of the investigator may pose a risk for participation or influence the study measurements.

Study & Design

• Study Type: INTERVENTIONAL
• Study Design: CROSSOVER

Arm && Interventions

Group	Intervention	Description
Arm3	5G RF-EMF	The study includes 24 arms, each corresponding to one of the 24 unique sequences in which the four intervention combinations (drug/placebo × active/sham) can be administered. Given that the expected total sample size is 30 participants, six of these sequences will be randomly assigned to two participants, while the remaining 18 sequences will be assigned to one participant each.
Arm4	Nimodipine Capsules	The study includes 24 arms, each corresponding to one of the 24 unique sequences in which the four intervention combinations (drug/placebo × active/sham) can be administered. Given that the expected total sample size is 30 participants, six of these sequences will be randomly assigned to two participants, while the remaining 18 sequences will be assigned to one participant each.
Arm4	5G RF-EMF	The study includes 24 arms, each corresponding to one of the 24 unique sequences in which the four intervention combinations (drug/placebo × active/sham) can be administered. Given that the expected total sample size is 30 participants, six of these sequences will be randomly assigned to two participants, while the remaining 18 sequences will be assigned to one participant each.
Arm6	Nimodipine Capsules	The study includes 24 arms, each corresponding to one of the 24 unique sequences in which the four intervention combinations (drug/placebo × active/sham) can be administered. Given that the expected total sample size is 30 participants, six of these sequences will be randomly assigned to two participants, while the remaining 18 sequences will be assigned to one participant each.
Arm6	5G RF-EMF	The study includes 24 arms, each corresponding to one of the 24 unique sequences in which the four intervention combinations (drug/placebo × active/sham) can be administered. Given that the expected total sample size is 30 participants, six of these sequences will be randomly assigned to two participants, while the remaining 18 sequences will be assigned to one participant each.
Arm7	Nimodipine Capsules	The study includes 24 arms, each corresponding to one of the 24 unique sequences in which the four intervention combinations (drug/placebo × active/sham) can be administered. Given that the expected total sample size is 30 participants, six of these sequences will be randomly assigned to two participants, while the remaining 18 sequences will be assigned to one participant each.
Arm9	5G RF-EMF	The study includes 24 arms, each corresponding to one of the 24 unique sequences in which the four intervention combinations (drug/placebo × active/sham) can be administered. Given that the expected total sample size is 30 participants, six of these sequences will be randomly assigned to two participants, while the remaining 18 sequences will be assigned to one participant each.
Arm10	Nimodipine Capsules	The study includes 24 arms, each corresponding to one of the 24 unique sequences in which the four intervention combinations (drug/placebo × active/sham) can be administered. Given that the expected total sample size is 30 participants, six of these sequences will be randomly assigned to two participants, while the remaining 18 sequences will be assigned to one participant each.
Arm10	5G RF-EMF	The study includes 24 arms, each corresponding to one of the 24 unique sequences in which the four intervention combinations (drug/placebo × active/sham) can be administered. Given that the expected total sample size is 30 participants, six of these sequences will be randomly assigned to two participants, while the remaining 18 sequences will be assigned to one participant each.
Arm11	Nimodipine Capsules	The study includes 24 arms, each corresponding to one of the 24 unique sequences in which the four intervention combinations (drug/placebo × active/sham) can be administered. Given that the expected total sample size is 30 participants, six of these sequences will be randomly assigned to two participants, while the remaining 18 sequences will be assigned to one participant each.
Arm11	5G RF-EMF	The study includes 24 arms, each corresponding to one of the 24 unique sequences in which the four intervention combinations (drug/placebo × active/sham) can be administered. Given that the expected total sample size is 30 participants, six of these sequences will be randomly assigned to two participants, while the remaining 18 sequences will be assigned to one participant each.
Arm12	Nimodipine Capsules	The study includes 24 arms, each corresponding to one of the 24 unique sequences in which the four intervention combinations (drug/placebo × active/sham) can be administered. Given that the expected total sample size is 30 participants, six of these sequences will be randomly assigned to two participants, while the remaining 18 sequences will be assigned to one participant each.
Arm7	5G RF-EMF	The study includes 24 arms, each corresponding to one of the 24 unique sequences in which the four intervention combinations (drug/placebo × active/sham) can be administered. Given that the expected total sample size is 30 participants, six of these sequences will be randomly assigned to two participants, while the remaining 18 sequences will be assigned to one participant each.
Arm8	Nimodipine Capsules	The study includes 24 arms, each corresponding to one of the 24 unique sequences in which the four intervention combinations (drug/placebo × active/sham) can be administered. Given that the expected total sample size is 30 participants, six of these sequences will be randomly assigned to two participants, while the remaining 18 sequences will be assigned to one participant each.
Arm8	5G RF-EMF	The study includes 24 arms, each corresponding to one of the 24 unique sequences in which the four intervention combinations (drug/placebo × active/sham) can be administered. Given that the expected total sample size is 30 participants, six of these sequences will be randomly assigned to two participants, while the remaining 18 sequences will be assigned to one participant each.
Arm9	Nimodipine Capsules	The study includes 24 arms, each corresponding to one of the 24 unique sequences in which the four intervention combinations (drug/placebo × active/sham) can be administered. Given that the expected total sample size is 30 participants, six of these sequences will be randomly assigned to two participants, while the remaining 18 sequences will be assigned to one participant each.
Arm13	5G RF-EMF	The study includes 24 arms, each corresponding to one of the 24 unique sequences in which the four intervention combinations (drug/placebo × active/sham) can be administered. Given that the expected total sample size is 30 participants, six of these sequences will be randomly assigned to two participants, while the remaining 18 sequences will be assigned to one participant each.
Arm14	Nimodipine Capsules	The study includes 24 arms, each corresponding to one of the 24 unique sequences in which the four intervention combinations (drug/placebo × active/sham) can be administered. Given that the expected total sample size is 30 participants, six of these sequences will be randomly assigned to two participants, while the remaining 18 sequences will be assigned to one participant each.
Arm14	5G RF-EMF	The study includes 24 arms, each corresponding to one of the 24 unique sequences in which the four intervention combinations (drug/placebo × active/sham) can be administered. Given that the expected total sample size is 30 participants, six of these sequences will be randomly assigned to two participants, while the remaining 18 sequences will be assigned to one participant each.
Arm15	Nimodipine Capsules	The study includes 24 arms, each corresponding to one of the 24 unique sequences in which the four intervention combinations (drug/placebo × active/sham) can be administered. Given that the expected total sample size is 30 participants, six of these sequences will be randomly assigned to two participants, while the remaining 18 sequences will be assigned to one participant each.
Arm15	5G RF-EMF	The study includes 24 arms, each corresponding to one of the 24 unique sequences in which the four intervention combinations (drug/placebo × active/sham) can be administered. Given that the expected total sample size is 30 participants, six of these sequences will be randomly assigned to two participants, while the remaining 18 sequences will be assigned to one participant each.
Arm16	Nimodipine Capsules	The study includes 24 arms, each corresponding to one of the 24 unique sequences in which the four intervention combinations (drug/placebo × active/sham) can be administered. Given that the expected total sample size is 30 participants, six of these sequences will be randomly assigned to two participants, while the remaining 18 sequences will be assigned to one participant each.
Arm16	5G RF-EMF	The study includes 24 arms, each corresponding to one of the 24 unique sequences in which the four intervention combinations (drug/placebo × active/sham) can be administered. Given that the expected total sample size is 30 participants, six of these sequences will be randomly assigned to two participants, while the remaining 18 sequences will be assigned to one participant each.
Arm17	Nimodipine Capsules	The study includes 24 arms, each corresponding to one of the 24 unique sequences in which the four intervention combinations (drug/placebo × active/sham) can be administered. Given that the expected total sample size is 30 participants, six of these sequences will be randomly assigned to two participants, while the remaining 18 sequences will be assigned to one participant each.
Arm17	5G RF-EMF	The study includes 24 arms, each corresponding to one of the 24 unique sequences in which the four intervention combinations (drug/placebo × active/sham) can be administered. Given that the expected total sample size is 30 participants, six of these sequences will be randomly assigned to two participants, while the remaining 18 sequences will be assigned to one participant each.
Arm18	Nimodipine Capsules	The study includes 24 arms, each corresponding to one of the 24 unique sequences in which the four intervention combinations (drug/placebo × active/sham) can be administered. Given that the expected total sample size is 30 participants, six of these sequences will be randomly assigned to two participants, while the remaining 18 sequences will be assigned to one participant each.
Arm18	5G RF-EMF	The study includes 24 arms, each corresponding to one of the 24 unique sequences in which the four intervention combinations (drug/placebo × active/sham) can be administered. Given that the expected total sample size is 30 participants, six of these sequences will be randomly assigned to two participants, while the remaining 18 sequences will be assigned to one participant each.
Arm19	Nimodipine Capsules	The study includes 24 arms, each corresponding to one of the 24 unique sequences in which the four intervention combinations (drug/placebo × active/sham) can be administered. Given that the expected total sample size is 30 participants, six of these sequences will be randomly assigned to two participants, while the remaining 18 sequences will be assigned to one participant each.
Arm19	5G RF-EMF	The study includes 24 arms, each corresponding to one of the 24 unique sequences in which the four intervention combinations (drug/placebo × active/sham) can be administered. Given that the expected total sample size is 30 participants, six of these sequences will be randomly assigned to two participants, while the remaining 18 sequences will be assigned to one participant each.
Arm20	Nimodipine Capsules	The study includes 24 arms, each corresponding to one of the 24 unique sequences in which the four intervention combinations (drug/placebo × active/sham) can be administered. Given that the expected total sample size is 30 participants, six of these sequences will be randomly assigned to two participants, while the remaining 18 sequences will be assigned to one participant each.
Arm20	5G RF-EMF	The study includes 24 arms, each corresponding to one of the 24 unique sequences in which the four intervention combinations (drug/placebo × active/sham) can be administered. Given that the expected total sample size is 30 participants, six of these sequences will be randomly assigned to two participants, while the remaining 18 sequences will be assigned to one participant each.
Arm21	Nimodipine Capsules	The study includes 24 arms, each corresponding to one of the 24 unique sequences in which the four intervention combinations (drug/placebo × active/sham) can be administered. Given that the expected total sample size is 30 participants, six of these sequences will be randomly assigned to two participants, while the remaining 18 sequences will be assigned to one participant each.
Arm21	5G RF-EMF	The study includes 24 arms, each corresponding to one of the 24 unique sequences in which the four intervention combinations (drug/placebo × active/sham) can be administered. Given that the expected total sample size is 30 participants, six of these sequences will be randomly assigned to two participants, while the remaining 18 sequences will be assigned to one participant each.
Arm22	Nimodipine Capsules	The study includes 24 arms, each corresponding to one of the 24 unique sequences in which the four intervention combinations (drug/placebo × active/sham) can be administered. Given that the expected total sample size is 30 participants, six of these sequences will be randomly assigned to two participants, while the remaining 18 sequences will be assigned to one participant each.
Arm22	5G RF-EMF	The study includes 24 arms, each corresponding to one of the 24 unique sequences in which the four intervention combinations (drug/placebo × active/sham) can be administered. Given that the expected total sample size is 30 participants, six of these sequences will be randomly assigned to two participants, while the remaining 18 sequences will be assigned to one participant each.
Arm23	Nimodipine Capsules	The study includes 24 arms, each corresponding to one of the 24 unique sequences in which the four intervention combinations (drug/placebo × active/sham) can be administered. Given that the expected total sample size is 30 participants, six of these sequences will be randomly assigned to two participants, while the remaining 18 sequences will be assigned to one participant each.
Arm12	5G RF-EMF	The study includes 24 arms, each corresponding to one of the 24 unique sequences in which the four intervention combinations (drug/placebo × active/sham) can be administered. Given that the expected total sample size is 30 participants, six of these sequences will be randomly assigned to two participants, while the remaining 18 sequences will be assigned to one participant each.
Arm5	Nimodipine Capsules	The study includes 24 arms, each corresponding to one of the 24 unique sequences in which the four intervention combinations (drug/placebo × active/sham) can be administered. Given that the expected total sample size is 30 participants, six of these sequences will be randomly assigned to two participants, while the remaining 18 sequences will be assigned to one participant each.
Arm5	5G RF-EMF	The study includes 24 arms, each corresponding to one of the 24 unique sequences in which the four intervention combinations (drug/placebo × active/sham) can be administered. Given that the expected total sample size is 30 participants, six of these sequences will be randomly assigned to two participants, while the remaining 18 sequences will be assigned to one participant each.
Arm13	Nimodipine Capsules	The study includes 24 arms, each corresponding to one of the 24 unique sequences in which the four intervention combinations (drug/placebo × active/sham) can be administered. Given that the expected total sample size is 30 participants, six of these sequences will be randomly assigned to two participants, while the remaining 18 sequences will be assigned to one participant each.
Arm23	5G RF-EMF	The study includes 24 arms, each corresponding to one of the 24 unique sequences in which the four intervention combinations (drug/placebo × active/sham) can be administered. Given that the expected total sample size is 30 participants, six of these sequences will be randomly assigned to two participants, while the remaining 18 sequences will be assigned to one participant each.
Arm24	Nimodipine Capsules	The study includes 24 arms, each corresponding to one of the 24 unique sequences in which the four intervention combinations (drug/placebo × active/sham) can be administered. Given that the expected total sample size is 30 participants, six of these sequences will be randomly assigned to two participants, while the remaining 18 sequences will be assigned to one participant each.
Arm24	5G RF-EMF	The study includes 24 arms, each corresponding to one of the 24 unique sequences in which the four intervention combinations (drug/placebo × active/sham) can be administered. Given that the expected total sample size is 30 participants, six of these sequences will be randomly assigned to two participants, while the remaining 18 sequences will be assigned to one participant each.
Arm2	Nimodipine Capsules	The study includes 24 arms, each corresponding to one of the 24 unique sequences in which the four intervention combinations (drug/placebo × active/sham) can be administered. Given that the expected total sample size is 30 participants, six of these sequences will be randomly assigned to two participants, while the remaining 18 sequences will be assigned to one participant each.
Arm2	5G RF-EMF	The study includes 24 arms, each corresponding to one of the 24 unique sequences in which the four intervention combinations (drug/placebo × active/sham) can be administered. Given that the expected total sample size is 30 participants, six of these sequences will be randomly assigned to two participants, while the remaining 18 sequences will be assigned to one participant each.
Arm1	Nimodipine Capsules	The study includes 24 arms, each corresponding to one of the 24 unique sequences in which the four intervention combinations (drug/placebo × active/sham) can be administered. Given that expected total sample size is 30 participants, six of these sequences will be randomly assigned to two participants, while the remaining eighteen sequences will be assigned to one participant each.
Arm1	5G RF-EMF	The study includes 24 arms, each corresponding to one of the 24 unique sequences in which the four intervention combinations (drug/placebo × active/sham) can be administered. Given that expected total sample size is 30 participants, six of these sequences will be randomly assigned to two participants, while the remaining eighteen sequences will be assigned to one participant each.
Arm3	Nimodipine Capsules	The study includes 24 arms, each corresponding to one of the 24 unique sequences in which the four intervention combinations (drug/placebo × active/sham) can be administered. Given that the expected total sample size is 30 participants, six of these sequences will be randomly assigned to two participants, while the remaining 18 sequences will be assigned to one participant each.

Primary Outcome Measures

Name	Time	Method
Sleep spindle center frequency	Assessed on each of the four experimental nights, from overnight electroencephalographic recordings following randomized combinations of drug (nimodipine or placebo) and RF-EMF exposure (5G or sham), with a minimum of 3 days washout between sessions	In previous research, the investigators detected a positive shift in the sleep spindle center frequency (during NREM sleep phase) after 30-min pre-sleep exposure to a 5G signal at 3600 MHz, 100 MHz bandwidth in heterozygous T/C allele-carriers (rs7304986) compared to sham.; The sleep spindle center frequency is a parameter that can be extracted from the overnight electroencephalographic recordings.

Secondary Outcome Measures

Name	Time	Method
Mental suggestibility tendency	At the large-scale genetic screening	Participants report about their mental suggestibility tendency during the large-scale genetic screening (first study part) via filling out the online questionnaire "Short Suggestibility Scale".
Sex distribution of participants	At the large-scale genetic screening	Self-reported biological sex (male or female) is recorded during the large-scale genetic screening (first study part) via an online questionnaire.
Age of Participants	At the large-scale genetic screening	Age is recorded in years based on the year of birth provided during the large-scale genetic screening (first study part) via an online questionnaire.
EEG power spectra during Non-Rapid-Eye-Movement (NREM) sleep	Assessed on each of the four experimental nights, from overnight electroencephalographic recordings following randomized combinations of drug (nimodipine or placebo) and RF-EMF exposure (5G or sham), with a minimum of 3 days washout between sessions	Power spectra will be computed from artifact-free EEG data recorded during NREM sleep. Spectral power (µV²/Hz) will be computed in standard frequency bands.
Total sleep time	Assessed on each of the four experimental nights, from overnight electroencephalographic recordings following randomized combinations of drug (nimodipine or placebo) and RF-EMF exposure (5G or sham), with a minimum of 3 days washout between sessions	Sleep electroencephalographic data allow to extract total sleep time (min) (total amount of time spent asleep)
Neurocognitive performance as assessed in the psychomotor vigilance task (PVT)	Assessed on each of the four experimental nights, pre- and post-sleep	The PVT is administered before and after sleep at each experimental night and provides a score reflecting sustained or vigilant attention performance.
Heart rate	Assessed on each of the four experimental nights, from electrocardiographic recordings during pre-sleep exposure and polysomnographic overnight recordings	Heart rate (bpm) is extracted from electrocardiographic recording during exposure and from polysomnographic overnight recordings
Handedness of participants	At the large-scale genetic screening	Participants report their handedness (right-handed or left-handed) during the large-scale genetic screening (first study part) via an online questionnaire.
BMI of participants	At the large-scale genetic screening	Self-reported height (in centimeters) and weight (in kilograms) of participants is reported during the large-scale genetic screening (first study part) via an online questionnaire. From Height and Weight, BMI is calculated.
Highest level of education of participants	At the large-scale genetic screening	The highest level of education of participants (elementary school, professional school, high school, university of applied sciences and arts, or university) is self-reported during the large-scale genetic screening (first study part) via an online questionnaire.
Phone call time	At the large-scale genetic screening	Participants report their phone call time without headphones (Not at all, Less than 1 hour per week, 1-2 hours per week or more than 2 hours per week) during the large-scale genetic screening (first study part) via an online questionnaire.
Caffeine consumption	At the large-scale genetic screening	Participants report their caffeine consumption (None, 1-2 caffeinated foods or beverages per day, 3-5 caffeinated foods or beverages per day or More than 5 caffeinated foods or beverages per day) during the large-scale genetic screening (first study part) via an online questionnaire.
Alcohol consumption	At the large-scale genetic screening	Participants report their alcohol consumption (None, Less than 1 glass per week, 1-2 glasses per week, 3-5 glasses per week or More than 5 glasses per week) during the large-scale genetic screening (first study part) via an online questionnaire.
Electrohypersensitivity (EHS) status	At the large-scale genetic screening	Participants report their EHS status during the large-scale genetic screening (first study part) via filling out the online questionnaire by M. Röösli, E. Mohler, and P. Frei (2010).
Sleep disturbances	At the large-scale genetic screening	The presence of sleep disturbances is self-reported by participants during the large-scale genetic screening (first study part) via an online questionnaire.
Comorbidities	At the large-scale genetic screening	Participants self-report the presence of comorbidities during the large-scale genetic screening (first study part) via an online questionnaire.
Night-shift work	At the large-scale genetic screening	Participants report if they engage in night shift work during the large-scale genetic screening (first study part) via an online questionnaire.
Use of medications	At the large-scale genetic screening	Self-reported use of medication is recorded during the large-scale genetic screening (first study part) via an online questionnaire.
Use of illegal drugs	At the large-scale genetic screening	Self-reported use of illegal drugs is recorded during the large-scale genetic screening (first study part) via an online questionnaire.
Use of tobacco products	At the large-scale genetic screening	Use of tobacco products is reported during the large-scale genetic screening (first study part) via an online questionnaire.
Subjective sleep quality	At the large-scale genetic screening	Participants report about their subjective sleep quality during the large-scale genetic screening (first study part) via filling out the online questionnaire "Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index" (high global PSQI score indicates poor sleep quality).
Daytime sleepiness	At the large-scale genetic screening	Participants report about their daytime sleepiness during the large-scale genetic screening (first study part) via filling out the online questionnaire "Epworth Sleepiness Scale " (high ESS score indicates high daytime sleepiness).
Depressive tendency	At the large-scale genetic screening	Participants report about their depressive-like symptoms (experienced in the last 2 weeks) during the large-scale genetic screening (first study part) via filling out the online questionnaire "Beck Depression Index II (BDI-II)".
Diurnal preference	At the large-scale genetic screening	Participants report about their diurnal preference during the large-scale genetic screening (first study part) via filling out the online questionnaire "Munich Chronotype Questionnaire" (if the mid-sleep time on the MCTQ is earlier than 04:00, the participant is considered as preferential morning type, otherwise as preferential evening type).
Habitual bedtime	At the large-scale genetic screening	Participants report about their subjective habitual bedtime (hh:mm) during the large-scale genetic screening (first study part) via filling out the online questionnaire "Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index".
Habitual rise time	At the large-scale genetic screening	Participants report about their subjective habitual rise time (hh:mm) during the large-scale genetic screening (first study part) via filling out the online questionnaire "Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index".
Reported time to fall asleep	At the large-scale genetic screening	Participants report about their subjective time to fall asleep (min) during the large-scale genetic screening (first study part) via filling out the online questionnaire "Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index".
Reported sleep duration	At the large-scale genetic screening	Participants report about their subjective sleep duration (h:mm) during the large-scale genetic screening (first study part) via filling out the online questionnaire "Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index".
Positive and Negative Affect Schedule	At the large-scale genetic screening	Participants report about positive and negative feelings (over the last 12 months) during the large-scale genetic screening (first study part) via filling out the online questionnaire "Positive and Negative Affect Schedule".
Nocturnal mentation	At the large-scale genetic screening	Participants report about their nocturnal mentation during the large-scale genetic screening (first study part) via filling out online the "Dream Thought Questionnaire".
Schizotypal tendency	At the large-scale genetic screening	Participants report about their schizotypal tendencies during the large-scale genetic screening (first study part) via filling out an online adaptation of the questionnaire "Magical Ideation Scale (MIS)".
ADHD tendency	At the large-scale genetic screening	Participants report about their ADHD-like symptoms during the large-scale genetic screening (first study part) via filling out the online questionnaire "Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale v1.1 (ASRS)".
EEG power spectra during wakefulness	Assessed on each of the four experimental nights, from pre- and post-sleep wake electroencephalographic recordings	Power spectra will be computed from artifact-free EEG data recorded during wakefulness. Spectral power (µV²/Hz) will be computed in standard frequency bands.
EEG power spectra during Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep	Assessed on each of the four experimental nights, from overnight electroencephalographic recordings following randomized combinations of drug (nimodipine or placebo) and RF-EMF exposure (5G or sham), with a minimum of 3 days washout between sessions	Power spectra will be computed from artifact-free EEG data recorded during REM sleep. Spectral power (µV²/Hz) will be computed in standard frequency bands.
Aperiodic component of the EEG power spectrum during NREM sleep	Assessed on each of the four experimental nights, from overnight electroencephalographic recordings following randomized combinations of drug (nimodipine or placebo) and RF-EMF exposure (5G or sham), with a minimum of 3 days washout between sessions	The NREM sleep power spectra will be used to extract and parametrize the aperiodic component.
Aperiodic component of the EEG power spectrum during REM sleep	Assessed on each of the four experimental nights, from overnight electroencephalographic recordings following randomized combinations of drug (nimodipine or placebo) and RF-EMF exposure (5G or sham), with a minimum of 3 days washout between sessions	The REM sleep power spectra will be used to extract and parametrize the aperiodic component.
Aperiodic component of the EEG power spectrum during wakefulness	Assessed on each of the four experimental nights, from pre- and post-sleep wake electroencephalographic recordings	The wake power spectra will be used to extract and parametrize the aperiodic component.
Periodic component of the EEG power spectrum during NREM sleep	Assessed on each of the four experimental nights, from overnight electroencephalographic recordings following randomized combinations of drug (nimodipine or placebo) and RF-EMF exposure (5G or sham), with a minimum of 3 days washout between sessions	Gaussian peaks detected in the NREM sleep power spectrum will be used to extract the periodic components, including center frequency, power, and bandwidth.
Periodic component of the EEG power spectrum during REM sleep	Assessed on each of the four experimental nights, from overnight electroencephalographic recordings following randomized combinations of drug (nimodipine or placebo) and RF-EMF exposure (5G or sham), with a minimum of 3 days washout between sessions.	Gaussian peaks detected in the REM sleep power spectrum will be used to extract the periodic components, including center frequency, power, and bandwidth.
Periodic component of the EEG power spectrum during wakefulness	Assessed on each of the four experimental nights, from pre- and post-sleep wake electroencephalographic recordings	Gaussian peaks detected in the wake power spectrum will be used to extract the periodic components, including center frequency, power, and bandwidth.
Sleep efficiency	Assessed on each of the four experimental nights, from overnight electroencephalographic recordings following randomized combinations of drug (nimodipine or placebo) and RF-EMF exposure (5G or sham), with a minimum of 3 days washout between sessions	Sleep electroencephalographic data allow to extract sleep efficiency (%) ((total sleep time/time in bed) \* 100)
Sleep latency	Assessed on each of the four experimental nights, from overnight electroencephalographic recordings following randomized combinations of drug (nimodipine or placebo) and RF-EMF exposure (5G or sham), with a minimum of 3 days washout between sessions.	Sleep electroencephalographic data allow to extract sleep latency (time between lights-off and first occurrence of NREM sleep stage N2).
Wakefulness after sleep onset	Assessed on each of the four experimental nights, from overnight electroencephalographic recordings following randomized combinations of drug (nimodipine or placebo) and RF-EMF exposure (5G or sham), with a minimum of 3 days washout between sessions	Sleep electroencephalographic data allow to extract WASO (min) (wakefulness after sleep onset).
Time spent in the different sleep stages	Assessed on each of the four experimental nights, from overnight electroencephalographic recordings following randomized combinations of drug (nimodipine or placebo) and RF-EMF exposure (5G or sham), with a minimum of 3 days washout between sessions	Sleep electroencelographic data allow to calculate the time (min) spent in each sleep substage (NREM1, NREM2, NREM3, REM).
Neurocognitive performance as assessed in the sequential finger tapping task (FTT)	Assessed on each of the four experimental nights, pre- and post-sleep	The FTT is administered before and after sleep at each experimental night and provides a score reflecting procedural memory and learning performance.
Neurocognitive performance as assessed in the visuospatial 2D Object Location Task (OLT)	Assessed on each of the four experimental nights, pre- and post-sleep	The OLT is administered before and after sleep at each experimental night and provides a score reflecting declarative memory and learning performance.
Heart rate variability	Assessed on each of the four experimental nights, from electrocardiographic recordings during pre-sleep exposure and polysomnographic overnight recordings	Heart rate variability is extracted from electrocardiographic recording during exposure and from polysomnographic overnight recordings.
Pregnancy status	At the large-scale genetic screening	Female participants report current pregnancy status during the large-scale genetic screening (first study part) via an online questionnaire.
Pupil size	Assessed on each of the four experimental nights, from pupillometry recordings during pre-sleep exposure.	Pupil size variation is recorded during exposure.

Trial Locations

Locations (1)

University of Zurich, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology; 🇨🇭 Zurich, Switzerland