Determination of Glycemic Index of Six Greek Honey Grades

Not Applicable

Completed

• Conditions: Potential Abnormality of Glucose Tolerance; Appetitive Behavior
• Interventions: Other: Glucose as reference food; Other: Fir honey; Other: Heather honey; Other: Citrus honey; Other: Pine honey; Other: Thyme honey; Other: Chestnut honey

• Registration Number: NCT03331757
• Lead Sponsor: Agricultural University of Athens

Brief Summary

This study determined the glycemic index and glycemic load of six Greek honey varieties

Detailed Description

This randomized, double-blind, cross-over study investigated the glycemic response to six Greek honey grades differing in floral source and carbohydrate composition. Isoglucidic test meals (50g available carbohydrate) and 50g glucose reference were given to 11 clinically and metabolically healthy, fasting individuals (27±7 years; 9 women; BMI 24±4kg/m2), in random order. GI was calculated using the FAO/WHO method. Capillary blood glucose samples were collected at 0,15,30,45,60,90-and-120min. Salivary insulin samples were collected at 0,60-and-120min. Subjective appetite ratings (hunger, fullness and desire to eat) were assessed by visual analogue scales (VAS, 100mm) at baseline and 120min.

Study Timeline

• Study Start: 2017-02-12
• Primary Completion: 2017-04-12
• Study Completion: 2017-09-02
• Study First Submitted: 2017-10-31
• Status Verified: 2017-11
• Study First Submitted QC: 2017-11-01
• Last Update Submitted: 2017-11-01
• Study First Posted: 2017-11-06
• Last Update Posted: 2017-11-06

Recruitment & Eligibility

• Status: COMPLETED
• Sex: All
• Target Recruitment: 11

Inclusion Criteria

• healthy
• non-smoking
• individuals with normal body mass index (between 18.5 and 24.9 kg/m2)

Exclusion Criteria

• coronary heart disease
• diabetes mellitus
• kidney disease
• liver conditions
• endocrine conditions
• gastrointestinal disorders
• pregnancy
• lactation,
• competitive sports
• alcohol
• drug dependency

Study & Design

• Study Type: INTERVENTIONAL
• Study Design: CROSSOVER

Arm && Interventions

Group	Intervention	Description
Glucose as reference food	Glucose as reference food	Eleven metabolically healthy, normal weight subjects (male: 2, female: 9) after 10-14 hr fast, consumed 50g available carbohydrate from D-glucose, tested three times, in different weeks as reference food along with 300ml water. Fingertip capillary blood glucose samples were taken at baseline, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120min. The first glucose sample was taken exactly 15min after the first drink.
Glucose as reference food	Citrus honey	Eleven metabolically healthy, normal weight subjects (male: 2, female: 9) after 10-14 hr fast, consumed 50g available carbohydrate from D-glucose, tested three times, in different weeks as reference food along with 300ml water. Fingertip capillary blood glucose samples were taken at baseline, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120min. The first glucose sample was taken exactly 15min after the first drink.
Fir honey	Citrus honey	Eleven metabolically healthy, normal weight subjects (male: 2, female: 9) after 10-14 hr fast, consumed 50g available carbohydrate from fir honey, tested once, along with 300ml water. Fingertip capillary blood glucose samples were taken at baseline, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120min. The first glucose sample was taken exactly 15min after the first drink.
Glucose as reference food	Heather honey	Eleven metabolically healthy, normal weight subjects (male: 2, female: 9) after 10-14 hr fast, consumed 50g available carbohydrate from D-glucose, tested three times, in different weeks as reference food along with 300ml water. Fingertip capillary blood glucose samples were taken at baseline, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120min. The first glucose sample was taken exactly 15min after the first drink.
Fir honey	Glucose as reference food	Eleven metabolically healthy, normal weight subjects (male: 2, female: 9) after 10-14 hr fast, consumed 50g available carbohydrate from fir honey, tested once, along with 300ml water. Fingertip capillary blood glucose samples were taken at baseline, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120min. The first glucose sample was taken exactly 15min after the first drink.
Glucose as reference food	Thyme honey	Eleven metabolically healthy, normal weight subjects (male: 2, female: 9) after 10-14 hr fast, consumed 50g available carbohydrate from D-glucose, tested three times, in different weeks as reference food along with 300ml water. Fingertip capillary blood glucose samples were taken at baseline, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120min. The first glucose sample was taken exactly 15min after the first drink.
Fir honey	Fir honey	Eleven metabolically healthy, normal weight subjects (male: 2, female: 9) after 10-14 hr fast, consumed 50g available carbohydrate from fir honey, tested once, along with 300ml water. Fingertip capillary blood glucose samples were taken at baseline, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120min. The first glucose sample was taken exactly 15min after the first drink.
Fir honey	Pine honey	Eleven metabolically healthy, normal weight subjects (male: 2, female: 9) after 10-14 hr fast, consumed 50g available carbohydrate from fir honey, tested once, along with 300ml water. Fingertip capillary blood glucose samples were taken at baseline, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120min. The first glucose sample was taken exactly 15min after the first drink.
Heather honey	Citrus honey	Eleven metabolically healthy, normal weight subjects (male: 2, female: 9) after 10-14 hr fast, consumed 50g available carbohydrate from heather honey, tested once, along with 300ml water. Fingertip capillary blood glucose samples were taken at baseline, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120min. The first glucose sample was taken exactly 15min after the first drink.
Citrus honey	Heather honey	Eleven metabolically healthy, normal weight subjects (male: 2, female: 9) after 10-14 hr fast, consumed 50g available carbohydrate from citrus honey, tested once, along with 300ml water. Fingertip capillary blood glucose samples were taken at baseline, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120min. The first glucose sample was taken exactly 15min after the first drink.
Glucose as reference food	Pine honey	Eleven metabolically healthy, normal weight subjects (male: 2, female: 9) after 10-14 hr fast, consumed 50g available carbohydrate from D-glucose, tested three times, in different weeks as reference food along with 300ml water. Fingertip capillary blood glucose samples were taken at baseline, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120min. The first glucose sample was taken exactly 15min after the first drink.
Glucose as reference food	Chestnut honey	Eleven metabolically healthy, normal weight subjects (male: 2, female: 9) after 10-14 hr fast, consumed 50g available carbohydrate from D-glucose, tested three times, in different weeks as reference food along with 300ml water. Fingertip capillary blood glucose samples were taken at baseline, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120min. The first glucose sample was taken exactly 15min after the first drink.
Fir honey	Heather honey	Eleven metabolically healthy, normal weight subjects (male: 2, female: 9) after 10-14 hr fast, consumed 50g available carbohydrate from fir honey, tested once, along with 300ml water. Fingertip capillary blood glucose samples were taken at baseline, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120min. The first glucose sample was taken exactly 15min after the first drink.
Glucose as reference food	Fir honey	Eleven metabolically healthy, normal weight subjects (male: 2, female: 9) after 10-14 hr fast, consumed 50g available carbohydrate from D-glucose, tested three times, in different weeks as reference food along with 300ml water. Fingertip capillary blood glucose samples were taken at baseline, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120min. The first glucose sample was taken exactly 15min after the first drink.
Heather honey	Glucose as reference food	Eleven metabolically healthy, normal weight subjects (male: 2, female: 9) after 10-14 hr fast, consumed 50g available carbohydrate from heather honey, tested once, along with 300ml water. Fingertip capillary blood glucose samples were taken at baseline, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120min. The first glucose sample was taken exactly 15min after the first drink.
Heather honey	Fir honey	Eleven metabolically healthy, normal weight subjects (male: 2, female: 9) after 10-14 hr fast, consumed 50g available carbohydrate from heather honey, tested once, along with 300ml water. Fingertip capillary blood glucose samples were taken at baseline, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120min. The first glucose sample was taken exactly 15min after the first drink.
Citrus honey	Citrus honey	Eleven metabolically healthy, normal weight subjects (male: 2, female: 9) after 10-14 hr fast, consumed 50g available carbohydrate from citrus honey, tested once, along with 300ml water. Fingertip capillary blood glucose samples were taken at baseline, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120min. The first glucose sample was taken exactly 15min after the first drink.
Heather honey	Heather honey	Eleven metabolically healthy, normal weight subjects (male: 2, female: 9) after 10-14 hr fast, consumed 50g available carbohydrate from heather honey, tested once, along with 300ml water. Fingertip capillary blood glucose samples were taken at baseline, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120min. The first glucose sample was taken exactly 15min after the first drink.
Heather honey	Pine honey	Eleven metabolically healthy, normal weight subjects (male: 2, female: 9) after 10-14 hr fast, consumed 50g available carbohydrate from heather honey, tested once, along with 300ml water. Fingertip capillary blood glucose samples were taken at baseline, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120min. The first glucose sample was taken exactly 15min after the first drink.
Pine honey	Glucose as reference food	Eleven metabolically healthy, normal weight subjects (male: 2, female: 9) after 10-14 hr fast, consumed 50g available carbohydrate from pine honey, tested once, along with 300ml water. Fingertip capillary blood glucose samples were taken at baseline, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120min. The first glucose sample was taken exactly 15min after the first drink.
Heather honey	Chestnut honey	Eleven metabolically healthy, normal weight subjects (male: 2, female: 9) after 10-14 hr fast, consumed 50g available carbohydrate from heather honey, tested once, along with 300ml water. Fingertip capillary blood glucose samples were taken at baseline, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120min. The first glucose sample was taken exactly 15min after the first drink.
Citrus honey	Pine honey	Eleven metabolically healthy, normal weight subjects (male: 2, female: 9) after 10-14 hr fast, consumed 50g available carbohydrate from citrus honey, tested once, along with 300ml water. Fingertip capillary blood glucose samples were taken at baseline, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120min. The first glucose sample was taken exactly 15min after the first drink.
Citrus honey	Thyme honey	Eleven metabolically healthy, normal weight subjects (male: 2, female: 9) after 10-14 hr fast, consumed 50g available carbohydrate from citrus honey, tested once, along with 300ml water. Fingertip capillary blood glucose samples were taken at baseline, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120min. The first glucose sample was taken exactly 15min after the first drink.
Thyme honey	Heather honey	Eleven metabolically healthy, normal weight subjects (male: 2, female: 9) after 10-14 hr fast, consumed 50g available carbohydrate from thyme honey, tested once, along with 300ml water. Fingertip capillary blood glucose samples were taken at baseline, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120min. The first glucose sample was taken exactly 15min after the first drink.
Fir honey	Thyme honey	Eleven metabolically healthy, normal weight subjects (male: 2, female: 9) after 10-14 hr fast, consumed 50g available carbohydrate from fir honey, tested once, along with 300ml water. Fingertip capillary blood glucose samples were taken at baseline, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120min. The first glucose sample was taken exactly 15min after the first drink.
Fir honey	Chestnut honey	Eleven metabolically healthy, normal weight subjects (male: 2, female: 9) after 10-14 hr fast, consumed 50g available carbohydrate from fir honey, tested once, along with 300ml water. Fingertip capillary blood glucose samples were taken at baseline, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120min. The first glucose sample was taken exactly 15min after the first drink.
Heather honey	Thyme honey	Eleven metabolically healthy, normal weight subjects (male: 2, female: 9) after 10-14 hr fast, consumed 50g available carbohydrate from heather honey, tested once, along with 300ml water. Fingertip capillary blood glucose samples were taken at baseline, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120min. The first glucose sample was taken exactly 15min after the first drink.
Citrus honey	Glucose as reference food	Eleven metabolically healthy, normal weight subjects (male: 2, female: 9) after 10-14 hr fast, consumed 50g available carbohydrate from citrus honey, tested once, along with 300ml water. Fingertip capillary blood glucose samples were taken at baseline, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120min. The first glucose sample was taken exactly 15min after the first drink.
Citrus honey	Fir honey	Eleven metabolically healthy, normal weight subjects (male: 2, female: 9) after 10-14 hr fast, consumed 50g available carbohydrate from citrus honey, tested once, along with 300ml water. Fingertip capillary blood glucose samples were taken at baseline, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120min. The first glucose sample was taken exactly 15min after the first drink.
Pine honey	Fir honey	Eleven metabolically healthy, normal weight subjects (male: 2, female: 9) after 10-14 hr fast, consumed 50g available carbohydrate from pine honey, tested once, along with 300ml water. Fingertip capillary blood glucose samples were taken at baseline, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120min. The first glucose sample was taken exactly 15min after the first drink.
Pine honey	Citrus honey	Eleven metabolically healthy, normal weight subjects (male: 2, female: 9) after 10-14 hr fast, consumed 50g available carbohydrate from pine honey, tested once, along with 300ml water. Fingertip capillary blood glucose samples were taken at baseline, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120min. The first glucose sample was taken exactly 15min after the first drink.
Citrus honey	Chestnut honey	Eleven metabolically healthy, normal weight subjects (male: 2, female: 9) after 10-14 hr fast, consumed 50g available carbohydrate from citrus honey, tested once, along with 300ml water. Fingertip capillary blood glucose samples were taken at baseline, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120min. The first glucose sample was taken exactly 15min after the first drink.
Pine honey	Heather honey	Eleven metabolically healthy, normal weight subjects (male: 2, female: 9) after 10-14 hr fast, consumed 50g available carbohydrate from pine honey, tested once, along with 300ml water. Fingertip capillary blood glucose samples were taken at baseline, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120min. The first glucose sample was taken exactly 15min after the first drink.
Pine honey	Pine honey	Eleven metabolically healthy, normal weight subjects (male: 2, female: 9) after 10-14 hr fast, consumed 50g available carbohydrate from pine honey, tested once, along with 300ml water. Fingertip capillary blood glucose samples were taken at baseline, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120min. The first glucose sample was taken exactly 15min after the first drink.
Pine honey	Thyme honey	Eleven metabolically healthy, normal weight subjects (male: 2, female: 9) after 10-14 hr fast, consumed 50g available carbohydrate from pine honey, tested once, along with 300ml water. Fingertip capillary blood glucose samples were taken at baseline, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120min. The first glucose sample was taken exactly 15min after the first drink.
Chestnut honey	Glucose as reference food	Eleven metabolically healthy, normal weight subjects (male: 2, female: 9) after 10-14 hr fast, consumed 50g available carbohydrate from chestnut honey, tested once, along with 300ml water. Fingertip capillary blood glucose samples were taken at baseline, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120min. The first glucose sample was taken exactly 15min after the first drink.
Pine honey	Chestnut honey	Eleven metabolically healthy, normal weight subjects (male: 2, female: 9) after 10-14 hr fast, consumed 50g available carbohydrate from pine honey, tested once, along with 300ml water. Fingertip capillary blood glucose samples were taken at baseline, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120min. The first glucose sample was taken exactly 15min after the first drink.
Thyme honey	Pine honey	Eleven metabolically healthy, normal weight subjects (male: 2, female: 9) after 10-14 hr fast, consumed 50g available carbohydrate from thyme honey, tested once, along with 300ml water. Fingertip capillary blood glucose samples were taken at baseline, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120min. The first glucose sample was taken exactly 15min after the first drink.
Thyme honey	Chestnut honey	Eleven metabolically healthy, normal weight subjects (male: 2, female: 9) after 10-14 hr fast, consumed 50g available carbohydrate from thyme honey, tested once, along with 300ml water. Fingertip capillary blood glucose samples were taken at baseline, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120min. The first glucose sample was taken exactly 15min after the first drink.
Chestnut honey	Citrus honey	Eleven metabolically healthy, normal weight subjects (male: 2, female: 9) after 10-14 hr fast, consumed 50g available carbohydrate from chestnut honey, tested once, along with 300ml water. Fingertip capillary blood glucose samples were taken at baseline, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120min. The first glucose sample was taken exactly 15min after the first drink.
Thyme honey	Glucose as reference food	Eleven metabolically healthy, normal weight subjects (male: 2, female: 9) after 10-14 hr fast, consumed 50g available carbohydrate from thyme honey, tested once, along with 300ml water. Fingertip capillary blood glucose samples were taken at baseline, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120min. The first glucose sample was taken exactly 15min after the first drink.
Thyme honey	Fir honey	Eleven metabolically healthy, normal weight subjects (male: 2, female: 9) after 10-14 hr fast, consumed 50g available carbohydrate from thyme honey, tested once, along with 300ml water. Fingertip capillary blood glucose samples were taken at baseline, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120min. The first glucose sample was taken exactly 15min after the first drink.
Thyme honey	Citrus honey	Eleven metabolically healthy, normal weight subjects (male: 2, female: 9) after 10-14 hr fast, consumed 50g available carbohydrate from thyme honey, tested once, along with 300ml water. Fingertip capillary blood glucose samples were taken at baseline, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120min. The first glucose sample was taken exactly 15min after the first drink.
Chestnut honey	Fir honey	Eleven metabolically healthy, normal weight subjects (male: 2, female: 9) after 10-14 hr fast, consumed 50g available carbohydrate from chestnut honey, tested once, along with 300ml water. Fingertip capillary blood glucose samples were taken at baseline, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120min. The first glucose sample was taken exactly 15min after the first drink.
Chestnut honey	Heather honey	Eleven metabolically healthy, normal weight subjects (male: 2, female: 9) after 10-14 hr fast, consumed 50g available carbohydrate from chestnut honey, tested once, along with 300ml water. Fingertip capillary blood glucose samples were taken at baseline, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120min. The first glucose sample was taken exactly 15min after the first drink.
Chestnut honey	Pine honey	Eleven metabolically healthy, normal weight subjects (male: 2, female: 9) after 10-14 hr fast, consumed 50g available carbohydrate from chestnut honey, tested once, along with 300ml water. Fingertip capillary blood glucose samples were taken at baseline, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120min. The first glucose sample was taken exactly 15min after the first drink.
Thyme honey	Thyme honey	Eleven metabolically healthy, normal weight subjects (male: 2, female: 9) after 10-14 hr fast, consumed 50g available carbohydrate from thyme honey, tested once, along with 300ml water. Fingertip capillary blood glucose samples were taken at baseline, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120min. The first glucose sample was taken exactly 15min after the first drink.
Chestnut honey	Thyme honey	Eleven metabolically healthy, normal weight subjects (male: 2, female: 9) after 10-14 hr fast, consumed 50g available carbohydrate from chestnut honey, tested once, along with 300ml water. Fingertip capillary blood glucose samples were taken at baseline, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120min. The first glucose sample was taken exactly 15min after the first drink.
Chestnut honey	Chestnut honey	Eleven metabolically healthy, normal weight subjects (male: 2, female: 9) after 10-14 hr fast, consumed 50g available carbohydrate from chestnut honey, tested once, along with 300ml water. Fingertip capillary blood glucose samples were taken at baseline, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120min. The first glucose sample was taken exactly 15min after the first drink.

Primary Outcome Measures

Name	Time	Method
Capillary blood glucose responses	2 hours	Clinically useful change in capillary blood glucose, defined as the restoration of glucose within normal limits during the 2hr glucose tolerance test.

Secondary Outcome Measures

Name	Time	Method
Subjective appetite rating	2 hours	Useful change in subjective appetite using visual analogue scales (VAS, 100 mm, given in the form of booklet, one scale per page) before and 2hr after consumption of six Greek honey grades.

Trial Locations

Locations (1)

Agricultural University of Athens; 🇬🇷 Athens, Greece