A Study Examining Effects of Apples/ Apple Products on Heart Disease Risk
- Conditions
- Cardiovascular Disease
- Interventions
- Dietary Supplement: High/ Low Epicatechin Apples/ Apple Extract/ Granules
- Registration Number
- NCT01585519
- Lead Sponsor
- Queen's University, Belfast
- Brief Summary
This study will examine if health benefits of consuming nutrient-rich apples, an apple extract and freeze dried apple product will be similar. 50 volunteers at increased risk of heart disease will consume either a low apple diet (\<1 portion/d), 2 high or low polyphenol apples/day, an apple extract, or freeze dried apple granule product for 4 weeks (ten participants per group, randomly assigned). Apart from the extract group, all volunteers will consume a placebo. All volunteers will follow a low apple diet (\<1 apple per day) other than what has been provided by the research team. Volunteers will complete food diaries at the start and end of the study and a number of questionnaires. Blood and urine samples collected at 0 and 4 weeks
- Detailed Description
Many products (such as bioactive extracts) attempt to replicate health benefits of a diet rich in fruit and vegetables, however, it is not known whether similar health benefits can be gained from consuming these processed products. A placebo-controlled intervention study will examine if health benefits are similar between products. Volunteers will have one risk factor for heart disease. Recruitment will be by advertisement from QUB and general public. Apples/apple products will be provided for the 4 weeks, but otherwise volunteers' normal diet and lifestyle will be followed. Blood and urine samples will be collected at week 0 and week 4. 4-day food diaries will be completed at the start and end of the study. A number of questionnaires (physical activity, lifestyle, levels of liking, tolerability to study products, study evaluation) will be completed at the start and end of the study. As this is a pilot study, power calculations were not considered appropriate. Statistical analysis will be carried out in SPSS, each endpoint of interest from the week 0 measure will be compared between the five intervention groups by one way analysis of variance.
Recruitment & Eligibility
- Status
- COMPLETED
- Sex
- All
- Target Recruitment
- 55
- > 50 years old or
- Current Smoker or
- Systolic Blood Pressure 120-139mmHg/ Diastolic Blood Pressure 80-89mmHg or
- Total Cholesterol >5.2mmol/l or HDL cholesterol <1.03mmol/l or
- BMI >25 kg/m2
- Diabetes mellitus
- An acute coronary syndrome or transient ischaemic attack within the past 3 months
- Special dietary requirements, food sensitivities or vegetarian/ vegan diet by choice
- Oral anticoagulation therapy
- BMI >35 kg/m2
- Excessive alcohol consumption (>28 U/week men or >21 U/week women)
- Pregnancy/ lactation
- Taking antioxidant supplements
- Medical conditions or dietary restrictions that would substantially limit ability to complete the study requirements
Study & Design
- Study Type
- INTERVENTIONAL
- Study Design
- PARALLEL
- Arm && Interventions
Group Intervention Description (Group 3) 2 Low Apples High/ Low Epicatechin Apples/ Apple Extract/ Granules - (Group 2) 2 High Apples High/ Low Epicatechin Apples/ Apple Extract/ Granules - (Group 4) 2 x 4.4g apple granules High/ Low Epicatechin Apples/ Apple Extract/ Granules - (Group 5) 2 x Apple Extract Capsules High/ Low Epicatechin Apples/ Apple Extract/ Granules -
- Primary Outcome Measures
Name Time Method Between group change in oxidised-LDL Weeks 0 and 4
- Secondary Outcome Measures
Name Time Method Between group change in biochemical markers of nutritional status Weeks 0 and 4 Polyphenol levels (including epicatechin and quercetin) in plasma. Vitamin C and carotenoid concentrations in serum. Polyphenol and carotenoid concentrations in LDL.
Between group change in self-reported apple or apple product intake Weeks 0 and 4 Between group change in other biomarkers of cardiovascular disease risk Weeks 0 and 4 Isoprostanes in urine by ELISA. Serum ICAM-1, VCAM-1 and E-selectin, LDL particle size, malondialdehyde in serum by HPLC.
Between group change in biomarkers of cardiovascular disease risk Weeks 0 and 4 Blood pressure will be measured twice from the right arm, using an automated Omron sphygmomanometer, with the participant sitting quietly for at least five minutes.
Total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol and triglycerides in serum will be measured using automated enzymatic assays.
High sensitivity CRP will be assessed by automated immunoassay.
Weight will be monitored weekly over the 4 week intervention.
Trial Locations
- Locations (2)
Queen's Unversity, Belfast
🇬🇧Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
Queen's University Belfast
🇬🇧Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom