Morphine, the main alkaloid of opium, was first obtained from poppy seeds in 1805. It is a potent analgesic, though its use is limited due to tolerance, withdrawal, and the risk of abuse. Morphine is still routinely used today, though there are a number of semi-synthetic opioids of varying strength such as codeine, fentanyl, methadone, hydrocodone, hydromorp...
Morphine is used for the management of chronic, moderate to severe pain.
Opiods, including morphine, are effective for the short term management of pain. Patients taking opioids long term may need to be monitored for the development of physical dependence, addiction disorder, and drug abuse.
Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
Carilion Clinic, Roanoke, Virginia, United States
The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
Faculty of Medicine- Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
Mohd Zulfakar Mazlan, MBBS, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia
Hopital Necker Enfants malades, Paris, France
Cairo University Hospitals, Cairo, Egypt
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