Morphine, the main alkaloid of opium, was first obtained from poppy seeds in 1805. It is a potent analgesic, though its use is limited due to tolerance, withdrawal, and the risk of abuse. Morphine is still routinely used today, though there are a number of semi-synthetic opioids of varying strength such as codeine, fentanyl, methadone, hydrocodone, hydromorphone, meperidine, and oxycodone.
Morphine was granted FDA approval in 1941.
Morphine is used for the management of chronic, moderate to severe pain.
Opiods, including morphine, are effective for the short term management of pain. Patients taking opioids long term may need to be monitored for the development of physical dependence, addiction disorder, and drug abuse.
BP Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Sunsari District, Nepal
Brno University Hospital, Brno, Jihomoravsky Kraj, Czechia
T. Bata Regional Hospital Zlin, Zlin, Jihomoravsky Kraj, Czechia
Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, United States
Cukurova University Faculty of Medicine Research Hospital, Adana, Turkey
Maternité Régionale Universitaire (MRU), Nancy, Lorraine, France
Lithuanian University of Health Sciences Kaunas Clinics, Kaunas, Lithuania
Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
Hospital de GAldakao-Usansolo, Usansolo, Biscay, Spain
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