Morphine, the main alkaloid of opium, was first obtained from poppy seeds in 1805. It is a potent analgesic, though its use is limited due to tolerance, withdrawal, and the risk of abuse. Morphine is still routinely used today, though there are a number of semi-synthetic opioids of varying strength such as codeine, fentanyl, methadone, hydrocodone, hydromorp...
Morphine is used for the management of chronic, moderate to severe pain.
Opiods, including morphine, are effective for the short term management of pain. Patients taking opioids long term may need to be monitored for the development of physical dependence, addiction disorder, and drug abuse.
Alberta Children's Hospital Emergency Department, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States
Cosmin Balan, Bucharest, Sector 2, Romania
University of Puerto Ric-Dr. Federico Trilla Hospital, Carolina, Puerto Rico
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Wilayah Persekutuan, Malaysia
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Wilayah Persekutuan, Malaysia
Istanbul University Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey
Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
National Cancer Institute, Rio De Janeiro, Brazil
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