Morphine, the main alkaloid of opium, was first obtained from poppy seeds in 1805. It is a potent analgesic, though its use is limited due to tolerance, withdrawal, and the risk of abuse. Morphine is still routinely used today, though there are a number of semi-synthetic opioids of varying strength such as codeine, fentanyl, methadone, hydrocodone, hydromorphone, meperidine, and oxycodone.
Morphine was granted FDA approval in 1941.
Morphine is used for the management of chronic, moderate to severe pain.
Opiods, including morphine, are effective for the short term management of pain. Patients taking opioids long term may need to be monitored for the development of physical dependence, addiction disorder, and drug abuse.
Leszek Giec Upper-Silesia Medical Center of the Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
Sedat Akbas, Malatya, Türkiye-Türkçe, Turkey
Dr.Abdurrahman Yurtaslan Ankara Oncology Train and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
Alexandria Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria, Egypt
Silvia Lo Vecchio, Aalborg, Nordjylland, Denmark
Kasr alainy medical school, CAiro, Egypt
Esam A. Hamed, Assiut, Egypt
Minia university, Minya, Egypt
Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
University of Tennessee Health Science Center; St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
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