Pioglitazone is an antihyperglycemic used as an adjunct to diet, exercise, and other antidiabetic medications to manage type 2 diabetes mellitus. It is administered as a racemic mixture, though there is no pharmacologic difference between the enantiomers and they appear to interconvert in vivo with little consequence. The thiazolidinedione class of medications, which also includes rosiglitazone and troglitazone, exerts its pharmacological effect primarily by promoting insulin sensitivity and the improved uptake of blood glucose via agonism at the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARγ). PPARs are ligand-activated transcription factors that are involved in the expression of more than 100 genes and affect numerous metabolic processes, most notably lipid and glucose homeostasis.
Thiazolidinediones, including pioglitazone, have fallen out of favor in recent years due to the presence of multiple adverse effects and warnings regarding their use (e.g. congestive heart failure, bladder cancer) and the availability of safer and more effective alternatives for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Pioglitazone is indicated as an adjunct to diet and exercise to improve glycemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus. It is also available in combination with metformin, glimepiride, or alogliptin for the same indication.
Service de Gastroentérologie et d'Hépatologie, University Hospital, Geneva, GE, Switzerland
Novartis Investigative Site, Tübingen, Germany
Grady Memorial Hospital, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
Dokkyo Medical University, Koshigaya Hospital, Koshigaya, Saitama, Japan
Novo Nordisk Investigational Site, Tacoma, Washington, United States
Baker Heart Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States
PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
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