KHON KAEN UNIVERSITY

375 metabolic syndrome patients from CKDNET were divided into 7 groups: control, T2DM < 5y, T2DM ≥ 5y, T2DM + early CKD, T2DM + late CKD, early CKD, late CKD. Baseline measurements included fasting blood samples, urine analysis, and clinical exams. uCypA levels were determined via ELISA and LFS. Statistical analyses used STATA 13.0, with significance set at p < 0.05.